manual c function interop

LANGUAGE.md

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 - demand-monomorphized functions
 - bodyful `c func` definitions using the c calling convention
+- bodyless `c func` declarations with exact, globally unique external symbol names
+- concrete-only foreign signatures
 - directory packages with merged declarations
 - file-local relative imports, aliases, and qualified member access
 
@@ -28,15 +30,14 @@
 
 - error-tolerant compilation with runtime diagnostic traps
 - lazy semantic checking of demanded function specializations
+- demand-driven LLVM declarations for referenced foreign functions
+- ordered linking of additional c sources, objects, and libraries
 - static, eager runtime, and deferred problematic globals
 
 ## PLANNED
 
 ### foreign functions and linking
 
-- bodyless `c func` declarations with exact external symbol names
-- concrete-only foreign signatures
-- linking c sources, objects, and libraries
 - c variadic calls with default argument promotions
 - exporting brolang functions to c
 

README.md

@@ -8,6 +8,25 @@ odin build . -out:brolang
 /tmp/prototype
 ```
 
+Bodyless `c func` declarations bind exact external symbols and require concrete
+types:
+
+```bro
+foreign_add :: c func(a, b i32) i32
+```
+
+Additional native inputs and libraries are passed to the final `zig cc`
+invocation in command-line order:
+
+```sh
+./brolang examples/interop/manual -o /tmp/manual \
+  --link examples/interop/manual/native.c
+```
+
+`--link` accepts C sources, object files, and direct library paths.
+`--library-path <dir>` becomes `-L<dir>`, and `--library <name>` becomes
+`-l<name>`.
+
 Compilation phases are isolated under `compiler/`:
 
 ```text
@@ -41,6 +60,8 @@ Current prototype features:
 - Directory packages with merged declarations and file-local relative imports
 - Qualified imported globals and functions with package-aware symbol mangling
 - Demand-monomorphized Brolang and C-ABI functions
+- Bodyless concrete C function declarations with exact external symbol names
+- Ordered linking of additional C sources, objects, and libraries
 - Checked signed addition
 - Static, eager runtime, and deferred problematic globals
 - Runtime diagnostics followed by `llvm.trap`

TODO.md

@@ -4,16 +4,7 @@
 
 # milestones
 
-1. manual c function interop
+1. interop type foundation
-   - separate calling convention, implementation, linkage, and link name
-   - allow bodyless `c func` declarations with exact external symbol names
-   - require concrete types in foreign signatures; inferred `int` is invalid
-   - emit LLVM `declare` for referenced foreign functions
-   - compile and link additional c sources, object files, and libraries through CLI options
-   - preserve bodyful, mangled, demand-monomorphized `c func` behavior
-   - verify end-to-end with an integer-only c function
-
-2. interop type foundation
    - unsigned integers, floats, and target-dependent c scalar types
    - keep binding mutability (`::` / `=`) separate from element or pointee mutability (`mut`)
    - arrays and indexing
@@ -36,7 +27,7 @@
      - `Some :: c struct`: opaque c-layout struct
      - defer passing c structs by value until target ABI classification exists
 
-3. restricted c header imports
+2. restricted c header imports
    - treat an imported header as a synthetic, file-local package namespace
      - `import "relative/path/to/header.h"`
      - `other :: import "relative/path/to/header.h"`
@@ -46,13 +37,13 @@
    - diagnose unsupported declarations when referenced
    - research libclang's c API behind a replaceable c importer boundary
 
-4. c variadic calls
+3. c variadic calls
    - represent c variadics as a fixed parameter count plus a variadic flag
    - apply c default argument promotions at call sites
    - emit LLVM c-variadic declarations and calls
    - keep native brolang variadics and tuple design separate
 
-5. advanced c interop
+4. advanced c interop
    - by-value records and unions
    - function pointers and callbacks
    - external variables

compiler/ast/ast.odin

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ Function :: struct {
 	pkg:        int,
 	file:       int,
 	c_abi:      bool,
+	has_body:   bool,
 	params:     []Param,
 	result:     Type_Syntax,
 	body:       []int,

compiler/backend/backend.odin

@@ -1,25 +1,59 @@
 package backend
 
+import "../linker"
 import "core:fmt"
+import "core:mem"
 import "core:os"
 import "core:os/os2"
+import "core:strings"
 
-compile :: proc(llvm_path, output_path: string) -> bool {
+append_owned :: proc(command: ^[dynamic]string, value: string, allocator: mem.Allocator) {
+	append(command, strings.clone(value, allocator))
+}
+
+build_command :: proc(
+	llvm_path, output_path: string,
+	link_arguments: []linker.Argument,
+	allocator := context.allocator,
+) -> []string {
+	command: [dynamic]string
+	command.allocator = allocator
+	append_owned(&command, "/usr/bin/env", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, "ZIG_LOCAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-cache", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, "ZIG_GLOBAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-global-cache", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, "zig", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, "cc", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, "-Wno-override-module", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, llvm_path, allocator)
+	for argument in link_arguments {
+		switch argument.kind {
+		case .Input:
+			append_owned(&command, argument.value, allocator)
+		case .Library_Path:
+			append(&command, fmt.aprintf("-L%s", argument.value, allocator=allocator))
+		case .Library:
+			append(&command, fmt.aprintf("-l%s", argument.value, allocator=allocator))
+		}
+	}
+	append_owned(&command, "-o", allocator)
+	append_owned(&command, output_path, allocator)
+	return command[:]
+}
+
+destroy_command :: proc(command: []string, allocator := context.allocator) {
+	for argument in command {
+		delete(argument, allocator)
+	}
+	delete(command, allocator)
+}
+
+compile :: proc(llvm_path, output_path: string, link_arguments: []linker.Argument = nil) -> bool {
 	pid := os2.get_pid()
 	temporary_output := fmt.tprintf("%s.brolang-tmp-%d", output_path, pid)
 	defer _ = os.remove(temporary_output)
 
-	command := []string{
+	command := build_command(llvm_path, temporary_output, link_arguments)
-		"/usr/bin/env",
+	defer destroy_command(command)
-		"ZIG_LOCAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-cache",
-		"ZIG_GLOBAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-global-cache",
-		"zig",
-		"cc",
-		"-Wno-override-module",
-		llvm_path,
-		"-o",
-		temporary_output,
-	}
 	state, stdout, stderr, err := os2.process_exec(
 		os2.Process_Desc{command=command},
 		context.allocator,

compiler/checker/checker.odin

@@ -49,19 +49,20 @@ Symbol_Index_Entry :: struct {
 }
 
 Checker :: struct {
-	ast_module:     ^ast.Module,
+	ast_module:           ^ast.Module,
-	diagnostics:    ^source.Diagnostics,
+	diagnostics:          ^source.Diagnostics,
-	symbols:        ^symbol.Table,
+	symbols:              ^symbol.Table,
-	module:         hir.Module,
+	module:               hir.Module,
-	specs:          [dynamic]Spec,
+	specs:                [dynamic]Spec,
-	function_index: []Symbol_Index_Entry,
+	function_index:       []Symbol_Index_Entry,
-	global_index:   []Symbol_Index_Entry,
+	global_index:         []Symbol_Index_Entry,
-	import_index:   []Symbol_Index_Entry,
+	import_index:         []Symbol_Index_Entry,
-	global_types:   []types.Type,
+	global_types:         []types.Type,
-	constants:      []Constant,
+	constants:            []Constant,
-	main_symbol:    symbol.Id,
+	template_diagnostics: []int,
-	sink_symbol:    symbol.Id,
+	main_symbol:          symbol.Id,
-	allocator:      mem.Allocator,
+	sink_symbol:          symbol.Id,
+	allocator:            mem.Allocator,
 }
 
 symbol_text :: proc(checker: ^Checker, id: symbol.Id) -> string {
@@ -287,7 +288,7 @@ mark_expr_imports_used :: proc(checker: ^Checker, expr_id, file: int) {
 }
 
 validate_declarations :: proc(checker: ^Checker) {
-	for function in checker.ast_module.functions {
+	for function, function_id in checker.ast_module.functions {
 		locals: [dynamic]symbol.Id
 		locals.allocator = checker.allocator
 		for param in function.params {
@@ -308,6 +309,42 @@ validate_declarations :: proc(checker: ^Checker) {
 			}
 			append(&locals, param.name)
 		}
+		if !function.has_body && !function.c_abi {
+			checker.template_diagnostics[function_id] = source.addf(
+				checker.diagnostics,
+				function.span,
+				"bodyless function '%s' must use 'c func'",
+				symbol_text(checker, function.name),
+			)
+		}
+		if !function.has_body && function.c_abi {
+			for param in function.params {
+				if type_from_syntax(param.type).kind != .Concrete {
+					checker.template_diagnostics[function_id] = source.addf(
+						checker.diagnostics,
+						param.span,
+						"foreign function '%s' requires concrete parameter types",
+						symbol_text(checker, function.name),
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			result := type_from_syntax(function.result)
+			if result.kind != .Concrete && result.kind != .Void {
+				checker.template_diagnostics[function_id] = source.addf(
+					checker.diagnostics,
+					function.span,
+					"foreign function '%s' requires a concrete or void result type",
+					symbol_text(checker, function.name),
+				)
+			}
+			if function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol {
+				checker.template_diagnostics[function_id] = source.add(
+					checker.diagnostics,
+					function.span,
+					"main must have a body",
+				)
+			}
+		}
 		for statement_id in function.body {
 			statement := checker.ast_module.statements[statement_id]
 			switch statement.kind {
@@ -318,6 +355,23 @@ validate_declarations :: proc(checker: ^Checker) {
 		}
 		delete(locals)
 	}
+	for function, function_id in checker.ast_module.functions {
+		if function.has_body || !function.c_abi {
+			continue
+		}
+		for other, other_id in checker.ast_module.functions {
+			if other_id == function_id || other.has_body || !other.c_abi || other.name != function.name {
+				continue
+			}
+			checker.template_diagnostics[function_id] = source.addf(
+				checker.diagnostics,
+				function.span,
+				"duplicate foreign symbol '%s'",
+				symbol_text(checker, function.name),
+			)
+			break
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 find_infer_local :: proc(locals: []Infer_Local, name: symbol.Id) -> types.Type {
@@ -437,6 +491,13 @@ infer_expr :: proc(checker: ^Checker, expr_id: int, locals: []Infer_Local, pkg :
 		if template < 0 {
 			return types.INVALID
 		}
+		if checker.template_diagnostics[template] >= 0 {
+			declared := type_from_syntax(checker.ast_module.functions[template].result)
+			if declared.kind == .Concrete || declared.kind == .Void {
+				return declared
+			}
+			return types.INVALID
+		}
 		args := make([]types.Type, len(expr.args), checker.allocator)
 		for arg, index in expr.args {
 			args[index] = infer_expr(checker, arg, locals, pkg, file)
@@ -794,6 +855,9 @@ build_expr :: proc(
 			id := add_call_resolution_diagnostic(checker, expr, target_pkg)
 			return invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, id)
 		}
+		if checker.template_diagnostics[template] >= 0 {
+			return invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, checker.template_diagnostics[template])
+		}
 		if len(expr.args) != len(checker.ast_module.functions[template].params) {
 			id := source.addf(
 				checker.diagnostics,
@@ -873,6 +937,9 @@ make_link_name :: proc(checker: ^Checker, spec_id: int) -> string {
 	if function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol {
 		return fmt.aprintf("main", allocator = checker.allocator)
 	}
+	if !function.has_body && function.c_abi {
+		return fmt.aprintf("%s", symbol_text(checker, function.name), allocator = checker.allocator)
+	}
 	builder := strings.builder_make(checker.allocator)
 	defer strings.builder_destroy(&builder)
 	strings.write_string(&builder, "bro_c__" if function.c_abi else "bro__")
@@ -940,7 +1007,31 @@ build_function :: proc(checker: ^Checker, spec_id: int) {
 		append(&params, local_id)
 	}
 
-	problematic := signature_diagnostic >= 0
+	problematic := signature_diagnostic >= 0 || checker.template_diagnostics[spec.template] >= 0
+	if !function.has_body {
+		append(
+			&checker.module.functions,
+			hir.Function {
+				name = function.name,
+				link_name = make_link_name(checker, spec_id),
+				calling_convention = .C if function.c_abi else .Brolang,
+				implementation = .Declaration,
+				linkage = .External if function.c_abi else .Internal,
+				is_main = function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol,
+				params = params[:],
+				result = spec.result,
+				locals = hir_locals[:],
+				body = body[:],
+				direct_global_reads = global_reads[:],
+				calls = calls[:],
+				problematic = problematic,
+				diagnostic = checker.template_diagnostics[spec.template],
+			},
+		)
+		delete(locals)
+		return
+	}
+
 	has_return := false
 	if signature_diagnostic >= 0 {
 		append(&body, len(checker.module.statements))
@@ -1288,7 +1379,9 @@ build_function :: proc(checker: ^Checker, spec_id: int) {
 		hir.Function {
 			name = function.name,
 			link_name = make_link_name(checker, spec_id),
-			c_abi = function.c_abi || (function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol),
+			calling_convention = .C if function.c_abi || (function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol) else .Brolang,
+			implementation = .Definition,
+			linkage = .External if function.c_abi || (function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol) else .Internal,
 			is_main = function.pkg == 0 && function.name == checker.main_symbol,
 			params = params[:],
 			result = spec.result,
@@ -1547,7 +1640,9 @@ synthesize_trap_main :: proc(checker: ^Checker) {
 		hir.Function {
 			name = checker.main_symbol,
 			link_name = fmt.aprintf("main", allocator = checker.allocator),
-			c_abi = true,
+			calling_convention = .C,
+			implementation = .Definition,
+			linkage = .External,
 			is_main = true,
 			result = types.VOID,
 			body = body,
@@ -1566,6 +1661,9 @@ replace_main_with_trap :: proc(checker: ^Checker, diagnostic: int) {
 		delete(function.body, checker.allocator)
 		function.params = nil
 		function.result = types.VOID
+		function.calling_convention = .C
+		function.implementation = .Definition
+		function.linkage = .External
 		function.problematic = true
 		function.diagnostic = diagnostic
 		statement_id := len(checker.module.statements)
@@ -1605,6 +1703,10 @@ check :: proc(
 	build_symbol_indexes(&checker)
 	checker.global_types = make([]types.Type, len(ast_module.globals), allocator)
 	checker.constants = make([]Constant, len(ast_module.exprs), allocator)
+	checker.template_diagnostics = make([]int, len(ast_module.functions), allocator)
+	for &diagnostic in checker.template_diagnostics {
+		diagnostic = -1
+	}
 	defer {
 		for spec in checker.specs {
 			delete(spec.args, allocator)
@@ -1615,6 +1717,7 @@ check :: proc(
 		delete(checker.import_index, allocator)
 		delete(checker.global_types, allocator)
 		delete(checker.constants, allocator)
+		delete(checker.template_diagnostics, allocator)
 	}
 
 	for function, index in ast_module.functions {
@@ -1658,13 +1761,17 @@ check :: proc(
 	} else {
 		template := ast_module.functions[main_template]
 		if main_declarations != 1 ||
+		   !template.has_body ||
 		   len(template.params) != 0 ||
 		   !(template.result == .Void || template.result == .I32 || template.result == .Int) {
-			id := source.add(
+			id := checker.template_diagnostics[main_template]
-				diagnostics,
+			if id < 0 {
-				template.span,
+				id = source.add(
-				"main must be unique, take no parameters, and return void, i32, or int",
+					diagnostics,
-			)
+					template.span,
+					"main must be unique, have a body, take no parameters, and return void, i32, or int",
+				)
+			}
 			replace_main_with_trap(&checker, id)
 		}
 	}

compiler/compiler.odin

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package compiler
 import "./backend"
 import "./checker"
 import "./llvm"
+import "./linker"
 import "./loader"
 import "./lower"
 import "./opt"
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ import vmem "core:mem/virtual"
 import "core:os"
 import "core:os/os2"
 
-compile_package :: proc(input_path, output_path: string) -> int {
+compile_package :: proc(input_path, output_path: string, link_arguments: []linker.Argument = nil) -> int {
 	sources := source.init_store()
 	defer source.destroy_store(&sources)
 	diagnostics := source.init_store_diagnostics(&sources)
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ compile_package :: proc(input_path, output_path: string) -> int {
 	}
 
 	source.print_all(&diagnostics)
-	if !backend.compile(llvm_path, output_path) {
+	if !backend.compile(llvm_path, output_path, link_arguments) {
 		return 2
 	}
 	if len(diagnostics.items) > 0 {

compiler/hir/hir.odin

@@ -7,6 +7,21 @@ import "core:mem"
 
 INVALID_ID :: -1
 
+Calling_Convention :: enum {
+	Brolang,
+	C,
+}
+
+Implementation :: enum {
+	Definition,
+	Declaration,
+}
+
+Linkage :: enum {
+	Internal,
+	External,
+}
+
 Expr_Kind :: enum {
 	Invalid,
 	Integer,
@@ -56,7 +71,9 @@ Stmt :: struct {
 Function :: struct {
 	name:                symbol.Id,
 	link_name:           string,
-	c_abi:               bool,
+	calling_convention:  Calling_Convention,
+	implementation:      Implementation,
+	linkage:             Linkage,
 	is_main:             bool,
 	params:              []int,
 	result:              types.Type,

compiler/ir/ir.odin

@@ -7,6 +7,21 @@ import "core:mem"
 
 INVALID_ID :: -1
 
+Calling_Convention :: enum {
+	Brolang,
+	C,
+}
+
+Implementation :: enum {
+	Definition,
+	Declaration,
+}
+
+Linkage :: enum {
+	Internal,
+	External,
+}
+
 Opcode :: enum {
 	Param,
 	Const,
@@ -35,13 +50,15 @@ Instruction :: struct {
 }
 
 Function :: struct {
-	link_name:    string,
+	link_name:          string,
-	c_abi:        bool,
+	calling_convention: Calling_Convention,
-	is_main:      bool,
+	implementation:     Implementation,
-	param_types:  []types.Type,
+	linkage:            Linkage,
-	result:       types.Type,
+	is_main:            bool,
-	instructions: []Instruction,
+	param_types:        []types.Type,
-	problematic:  bool,
+	result:             types.Type,
+	instructions:       []Instruction,
+	problematic:        bool,
 }
 
 Global :: struct {

compiler/linker/linker.odin

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package linker
+
+Kind :: enum {
+	Input,
+	Library_Path,
+	Library,
+}
+
+Argument :: struct {
+	kind:  Kind,
+	value: string,
+}

compiler/llvm/llvm.odin

@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "  ")
 			}
 			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "call ")
-			if !target.c_abi {
+			if target.calling_convention == .Brolang {
 				strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "fastcc ")
 			}
 			fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "%s @%s(", function_result_type(target), target.link_name)
@@ -321,16 +321,31 @@ emit_constructor :: proc(emitter: ^Emitter) {
 
 emit_functions :: proc(emitter: ^Emitter) {
 	for function in emitter.module.functions {
-		strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "define ")
+		if function.implementation == .Declaration {
-		if !function.c_abi {
+			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "declare ")
-			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "internal fastcc ")
+		} else {
+			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "define ")
+			if function.linkage == .Internal {
+				strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "internal ")
+			}
+		}
+		if function.calling_convention == .Brolang {
+			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, "fastcc ")
 		}
 		fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "%s @%s(", function_result_type(function), function.link_name)
 		for param_type, index in function.param_types {
 			if index > 0 {
 				strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, ", ")
 			}
-			fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "%s %%v%d", llvm_type(param_type), index)
+			if function.implementation == .Declaration {
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "%s", llvm_type(param_type))
+			} else {
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "%s %%v%d", llvm_type(param_type), index)
+			}
+		}
+		if function.implementation == .Declaration {
+			strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, ")\n\n")
+			continue
 		}
 		strings.write_string(&emitter.builder, ") {\nentry:\n")
 		_ = emit_instruction_stream(emitter, function.instructions, function)

compiler/lower/lower.odin

@@ -343,11 +343,13 @@ lower :: proc(hir_module: ^hir.Module, allocator := context.allocator) -> ir.Mod
 		}
 		append(&module.functions, ir.Function{
 			link_name=fmt.aprintf("%s", function.link_name, allocator=allocator),
-			c_abi=function.c_abi,
+			calling_convention=.C if function.calling_convention == .C else .Brolang,
+			implementation=.Declaration if function.implementation == .Declaration else .Definition,
+			linkage=.External if function.linkage == .External else .Internal,
 			is_main=function.is_main,
 			param_types=param_types,
 			result=function.result,
-			instructions=lower_body(hir_module, function, allocator),
+			instructions=nil if function.implementation == .Declaration else lower_body(hir_module, function, allocator),
 			problematic=function.problematic,
 		})
 	}

compiler/parser/parser.odin

@@ -385,10 +385,29 @@ parse_function :: proc(parser: ^Parser, name: token.Token, c_abi: bool) {
 	}
 	skip_newlines(parser)
 	result := parse_type(parser)
-	skip_newlines(parser)
+	end := previous(parser)
-	if _, ok := allow(parser, .Left_Brace); !ok {
+	ended_by_newline := current(parser).kind == .Newline
-		source.add(parser.diagnostics, current(parser).span, "expected '{' before function body")
+	if current(parser).kind == .Newline {
+		skip_newlines(parser)
 	}
+	if current(parser).kind != .Left_Brace {
+		if !ended_by_newline && current(parser).kind != .Eof {
+			_ = finish_statement(parser)
+		}
+		append(&parser.module.functions, ast.Function{
+			span=span_from(name.span, end.span),
+			name=name.symbol,
+			pkg=parser.pkg,
+			file=parser.file,
+			c_abi=c_abi,
+			has_body=false,
+			params=params,
+			result=result,
+			diagnostic=-1,
+		})
+		return
+	}
+	advance(parser)
 
 	body: [dynamic]int
 	body.allocator = parser.module.allocator
@@ -406,7 +425,7 @@ parse_function :: proc(parser: ^Parser, name: token.Token, c_abi: bool) {
 			append(&body, statement_id)
 		}
 	}
-	end := current(parser)
+	end = current(parser)
 	if _, ok := allow(parser, .Right_Brace); !ok {
 		source.add(parser.diagnostics, current(parser).span, "expected '}' after function body")
 		end = func_token
@@ -417,6 +436,7 @@ parse_function :: proc(parser: ^Parser, name: token.Token, c_abi: bool) {
 		pkg=parser.pkg,
 		file=parser.file,
 		c_abi=c_abi,
+		has_body=true,
 		params=params,
 		result=result,
 		body=body[:],

compiler_tests.odin

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import "./compiler/checker"
 import "./compiler/hir"
 import "./compiler/ir"
 import "./compiler/lexer"
+import "./compiler/linker"
 import "./compiler/loader"
 import "./compiler/llvm"
 import "./compiler/lower"
@@ -143,6 +144,76 @@ main :: func() void { _ = give() }
 	testing.expect_value(t, module.statements[module.functions[1].body[0]].kind, ast.Stmt_Kind.Assignment)
 }
 
+@(test)
+parser_distinguishes_bodyless_declarations_and_definitions :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `foreign :: c func(value i32) i32
+defined :: c func(value i32) i32
+{
+	return value
+}
+native :: func() i32
+main :: func() void {}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&module)
+
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(diagnostics.items), 0)
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(module.functions), 4)
+	testing.expect(t, !module.functions[0].has_body)
+	testing.expect(t, module.functions[0].c_abi)
+	testing.expect(t, module.functions[1].has_body)
+	testing.expect(t, module.functions[1].c_abi)
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(module.functions[1].body), 1)
+	testing.expect(t, !module.functions[2].has_body)
+	testing.expect(t, !module.functions[2].c_abi)
+	testing.expect(t, module.functions[3].has_body)
+}
+
+@(test)
+cli_parses_ordered_link_options_and_rejects_invalid_forms :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	options, valid := parse_cli_args([]string{
+		"brolang",
+		"app",
+		"--link",
+		"native.c",
+		"-o",
+		"app.out",
+		"--library-path",
+		"vendor/lib",
+		"--library",
+		"thing",
+		"--link",
+		"helper.o",
+	})
+	defer delete(options.link_arguments)
+
+	testing.expect(t, valid)
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.input_path, "app")
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.output_path, "app.out")
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(options.link_arguments), 4)
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.link_arguments[0].kind, linker.Kind.Input)
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.link_arguments[0].value, "native.c")
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.link_arguments[1].kind, linker.Kind.Library_Path)
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.link_arguments[2].kind, linker.Kind.Library)
+	testing.expect_value(t, options.link_arguments[3].value, "helper.o")
+
+	_, unknown_valid := parse_cli_args([]string{"brolang", "app", "-o", "out", "--unknown", "value"})
+	_, incomplete_valid := parse_cli_args([]string{"brolang", "app", "-o"})
+	_, duplicate_output_valid := parse_cli_args([]string{"brolang", "app", "-o", "one", "-o", "two"})
+	_, duplicate_empty_output_valid := parse_cli_args([]string{"brolang", "app", "-o", "", "-o", "two"})
+	testing.expect(t, !unknown_valid)
+	testing.expect(t, !incomplete_valid)
+	testing.expect(t, !duplicate_output_valid)
+	testing.expect(t, !duplicate_empty_output_valid)
+}
+
 @(test)
 parser_accepts_bare_and_aliased_imports :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	text := `import
@@ -319,6 +390,139 @@ main :: func() void {
 	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "@llvm.sadd.with.overflow.i8"))
 }
 
+@(test)
+pipeline_emits_only_referenced_foreign_declarations_with_exact_names :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `used :: c func(a, b i32) i32
+unused :: c func() i32
+bodyful :: c func(value i32) i32 {
+	return value
+}
+main :: func() void {
+	_ = used(1, 2)
+	_ = bodyful(3)
+}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	ast_module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+	ir_module := lower.lower(&hir_module)
+	defer ir.destroy_module(&ir_module)
+	llvm_text := llvm.emit(&ir_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(llvm_text)
+
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(diagnostics.items), 0)
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "declare i32 @used(i32, i32)"))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "call i32 @used(i32 1, i32 2)"))
+	testing.expect(t, !strings.contains(llvm_text, "@unused("))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "define i32 @bro_c__p0__bodyful__i32"))
+}
+
+@(test)
+invalid_foreign_declarations_are_eagerly_diagnosed_and_calls_trap :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `bad :: c func(value int) int
+native :: func() i32
+main :: func() void {
+	_ = bad(1)
+}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	ast_module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+	ir_module := lower.lower(&hir_module)
+	defer ir.destroy_module(&ir_module)
+	llvm_text := llvm.emit(&ir_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(llvm_text)
+
+	found_parameter := false
+	found_result := false
+	found_native := false
+	for diagnostic in diagnostics.items {
+		found_parameter = found_parameter || strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "requires concrete parameter types")
+		found_result = found_result || strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "requires a concrete or void result type")
+		found_native = found_native || strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "must use 'c func'")
+	}
+	testing.expect(t, found_parameter)
+	testing.expect(t, found_result)
+	testing.expect(t, found_native)
+	testing.expect(t, !strings.contains(llvm_text, "@bad("))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "call void @bro.trap"))
+}
+
+@(test)
+duplicate_foreign_symbols_across_packages_are_poisoned :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	sources := source.init_store()
+	defer source.destroy_store(&sources)
+	diagnostics := source.init_store_diagnostics(&sources)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	ast_module, loaded := loader.load("examples/packages/foreign_duplicate/app", &sources, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+	ir_module := lower.lower(&hir_module)
+	defer ir.destroy_module(&ir_module)
+	llvm_text := llvm.emit(&ir_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(llvm_text)
+
+	duplicate_count := 0
+	for diagnostic in diagnostics.items {
+		if strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "duplicate foreign symbol 'same'") {
+			duplicate_count += 1
+		}
+	}
+	testing.expect(t, loaded)
+	testing.expect_value(t, duplicate_count, 2)
+	testing.expect(t, !strings.contains(llvm_text, "@same("))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "call void @bro.trap"))
+}
+
+@(test)
+bodyless_root_main_recovers_as_a_trap_definition :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := "main :: c func() i32\n"
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	ast_module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+	ir_module := lower.lower(&hir_module)
+	defer ir.destroy_module(&ir_module)
+	llvm_text := llvm.emit(&ir_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(llvm_text)
+
+	found := false
+	for diagnostic in diagnostics.items {
+		found = found || strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "main must have a body")
+	}
+	testing.expect(t, found)
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(ir_module.functions), 1)
+	testing.expect_value(t, ir_module.functions[0].implementation, ir.Implementation.Definition)
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "define i32 @main()"))
+	testing.expect(t, !strings.contains(llvm_text, "declare i32 @main()"))
+}
+
 @(test)
 literal_addition_trees_fold_with_contextual_types :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	text := `return_i16 :: func() i16 {
@@ -604,6 +808,43 @@ main :: func() void {}
 	testing.expect(t, found_void)
 }
 
+run_command_success :: proc(command: []string) -> bool {
+	state, stdout, stderr, err := os2.process_exec(
+		os2.Process_Desc{command=command},
+		context.allocator,
+	)
+	delete(stdout)
+	delete(stderr)
+	return err == nil && state.exit_code == 0
+}
+
+prepare_native_object :: proc(output: string) -> bool {
+	local_cache := fmt.aprintf("ZIG_LOCAL_CACHE_DIR=%s-zig-cache", output)
+	defer delete(local_cache)
+	global_cache := fmt.aprintf("ZIG_GLOBAL_CACHE_DIR=%s-zig-global-cache", output)
+	defer delete(global_cache)
+	return run_command_success([]string{
+		"/usr/bin/env",
+		local_cache,
+		global_cache,
+		"zig",
+		"cc",
+		"-c",
+		"examples/interop/manual/native.c",
+		"-o",
+		output,
+	})
+}
+
+prepare_native_archive :: proc(object, archive: string) -> bool {
+	return run_command_success([]string{
+		"/usr/bin/ar",
+		"-rcs",
+		archive,
+		object,
+	})
+}
+
 run_executable :: proc(path: string) -> os2.Process_State {
 	state, stdout, stderr, _ := os2.process_exec(
 		os2.Process_Desc{command=[]string{path}},
@@ -624,6 +865,68 @@ valid_program_compiles_and_runs :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 0)
 }
 
+@(test)
+foreign_function_links_from_c_source :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-source"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	arguments := []linker.Argument{{kind=.Input, value="examples/interop/manual/native.c"}}
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/interop/manual", output, arguments)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 42)
+}
+
+@(test)
+foreign_function_links_from_object :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-object"
+	object := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-object.o"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	defer _ = os.remove(object)
+	testing.expect(t, prepare_native_object(object))
+	arguments := []linker.Argument{{kind=.Input, value=object}}
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/interop/manual", output, arguments)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 42)
+}
+
+@(test)
+foreign_function_links_from_direct_library :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-direct-library"
+	object := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-direct-library.o"
+	archive := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-direct-library.a"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	defer _ = os.remove(object)
+	defer _ = os.remove(archive)
+	testing.expect(t, prepare_native_object(object))
+	testing.expect(t, prepare_native_archive(object, archive))
+	arguments := []linker.Argument{{kind=.Input, value=archive}}
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/interop/manual", output, arguments)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 42)
+}
+
+@(test)
+foreign_function_links_from_named_library :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-named-library"
+	object := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-named-library.o"
+	archive := "/tmp/libbrolang-test-foreign-named.a"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	defer _ = os.remove(object)
+	defer _ = os.remove(archive)
+	testing.expect(t, prepare_native_object(object))
+	testing.expect(t, prepare_native_archive(object, archive))
+	arguments := []linker.Argument{
+		{kind=.Library_Path, value="/tmp"},
+		{kind=.Library, value="brolang-test-foreign-named"},
+	}
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/interop/manual", output, arguments)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 42)
+}
+
 @(test)
 one_line_main_compiles_and_runs :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-one-line-main"
@@ -762,6 +1065,38 @@ backend_failure_preserves_existing_output :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	testing.expect_value(t, string(data), previous)
 }
 
+@(test)
+backend_translates_link_arguments_without_reordering_them :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	arguments := []linker.Argument{
+		{kind=.Input, value="native.c"},
+		{kind=.Library_Path, value="vendor/lib"},
+		{kind=.Library, value="thing"},
+		{kind=.Input, value="helper.o"},
+	}
+	command := backend.build_command("module.ll", "program", arguments)
+	defer backend.destroy_command(command)
+
+	expected := []string{
+		"/usr/bin/env",
+		"ZIG_LOCAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-cache",
+		"ZIG_GLOBAL_CACHE_DIR=/tmp/brolang-zig-global-cache",
+		"zig",
+		"cc",
+		"-Wno-override-module",
+		"module.ll",
+		"native.c",
+		"-Lvendor/lib",
+		"-lthing",
+		"helper.o",
+		"-o",
+		"program",
+	}
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(command), len(expected))
+	for value, index in expected {
+		testing.expect_value(t, command[index], value)
+	}
+}
+
 @(test)
 mutable_local_reassignment_uses_runtime_storage :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-mutable"

examples/interop/manual/main.bro

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+foreign_add :: c func(a, b i32) i32
+
+main :: func() i32 {
+	return foreign_add(20, 22)
+}

examples/interop/manual/native.c

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+int foreign_add(int a, int b) {
+	return a + b;
+}

examples/packages/foreign_duplicate/app/main.bro

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import "../left"
+import "../right"
+
+main :: func() void {
+	_ = left.same()
+	_ = right.same()
+}

examples/packages/foreign_duplicate/left/left.bro

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+same :: c func() i32

examples/packages/foreign_duplicate/right/right.bro

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+same :: c func() i32

main.odin

@@ -1,15 +1,75 @@
 package main
 
 import "./compiler"
+import "./compiler/linker"
 import "core:fmt"
 import "core:os/os2"
 
+Cli_Options :: struct {
+	input_path:     string,
+	output_path:    string,
+	link_arguments: []linker.Argument,
+}
+
+parse_cli_args :: proc(args: []string, allocator := context.allocator) -> (Cli_Options, bool) {
+	if len(args) < 4 {
+		return {}, false
+	}
+	options := Cli_Options{input_path=args[1]}
+	link_arguments: [dynamic]linker.Argument
+	link_arguments.allocator = allocator
+	output_set := false
+	cursor := 2
+	for cursor < len(args) {
+		option := args[cursor]
+		cursor += 1
+		if cursor >= len(args) {
+			delete(link_arguments)
+			return {}, false
+		}
+		value := args[cursor]
+		cursor += 1
+		switch option {
+		case "-o":
+			if output_set {
+				delete(link_arguments)
+				return {}, false
+			}
+			output_set = true
+			options.output_path = value
+		case "--link":
+			append(&link_arguments, linker.Argument{kind=.Input, value=value})
+		case "--library-path":
+			append(&link_arguments, linker.Argument{kind=.Library_Path, value=value})
+		case "--library":
+			append(&link_arguments, linker.Argument{kind=.Library, value=value})
+		case:
+			delete(link_arguments)
+			return {}, false
+		}
+	}
+	if !output_set || len(options.output_path) == 0 {
+		delete(link_arguments)
+		return {}, false
+	}
+	options.link_arguments = link_arguments[:]
+	return options, true
+}
+
+print_usage :: proc() {
+	fmt.eprintln(
+		"usage: brolang <package-directory> -o <executable> [--link <path> | --library-path <dir> | --library <name>]...",
+	)
+}
+
 main :: proc() {
-	if len(os2.args) != 4 || os2.args[2] != "-o" {
+	options, valid := parse_cli_args(os2.args)
-		fmt.eprintln("usage: brolang <package-directory> -o <executable>")
+	if !valid {
+		print_usage()
 		os2.exit(2)
 	}
-	status := compiler.compile_package(os2.args[1], os2.args[3])
+	defer delete(options.link_arguments)
+	status := compiler.compile_package(options.input_path, options.output_path, options.link_arguments)
 	if status != 0 {
 		os2.exit(status)
 	}