parse func decls

cleanup on isle 4
improve ast printing
2026-08-16 00:50:11 +02:00 · 2026-08-12 22:52:04 +02:00 · 2026-08-12 22:49:18 +02:00 · 2026-08-12 22:21:15 +02:00 · 2026-08-12 22:18:55 +02:00 · 2026-08-11 22:42:28 +02:00
32 changed files with 2889 additions and 1022 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#! GRAMMAR:
+#! * type ..... -> identifier
+#! * assignment -> :: | :=
+#! * literal .. -> int | float | string
+#! * expr ..... -> identifier | literal
+#! * decl ..... -> identifier [type] assignment expr
+#! * stmt ..... -> decl
+
+import "@std/debug"
+import "@source/lexer"
+
+@hide:file
+TokenId :: alias lexer.TokenId
+
+@hide:file
+NO_TOKEN :: alias lexer.NO_TOKEN
+
+NodeId :: distinct u32
+ExtraId :: distinct u32
+
+NO_NODE :: maxval!(NodeId)
+NO_EXTRA :: maxval!(ExtraId)
+
+# unsafe access on its own; NodeKind serves as a the tag
+# that determines the variant.
+NodeData :: union {
+    token_id TokenId
+    node_id NodeId
+    extra_id ExtraId
+}
+
+Node :: struct {
+    kind NodeKind
+    main_token TokenId = NO_TOKEN
+
+    data0 NodeData = NodeData{ node_id = NO_NODE }
+    data1 NodeData = NodeData{ node_id = NO_NODE }
+}
+
+NodeKind :: enum {
+    # LITERALS:
+    # * main_token: token literal
+    literal_int
+    literal_float
+    literal_string
+
+    # IDENTIFIER EXPR:
+    # * main_token: token literal
+    expr_identifier
+
+    # UNARY:
+    # * main_token: operator
+    # * data0: NodeId - expression
+    expr_unary
+
+    # BINARY:
+    # * main_token: operator
+    # * data0: NodeId - left-hand side
+    # * data1: NodeId - right-hand side
+    expr_binary
+
+    # STATEMENT DECLS:
+    # * main_token: symbol name (identifier)
+    # * data0: ExtraId
+    #   + extra[data0]: NodeId - type expr or NO_NODE
+    #   + extra[data0 + 1]: NodeId - initializer expression
+    # * data1: TokenId of either `::` or `:=` indicating mutability
+    stmt_decl
+
+    # FUNC DECLS:
+    # * main_token: function name (identifier)
+    # * data0: NodeId - body block (or NO_NODE for extern)
+    # * data1: ExtraId
+    #   + extra[data1]: NodeId - return type
+    #   + extra[data1 + 1]: u32 - param count
+    #   + extra[data1 + 2..]: NodeId - param decls
+    func_decl
+
+    # PARAM DECLS:
+    # * main_token: param name (identifier)
+    # * data0: NodeId - param type
+    param_decl
+
+    # BLOCK:
+    # * data0: ExtraId - statement range start
+    # * data1: ExtraId - statement range end
+    block
+
+    # PACKAGE:
+    # * data0: ExtraId
+    # * data1: ExtraId
+    # 
+    # extra[data0..data1]: NodeId - all statement node ids in package
+    package
+
+    invalid
+}
+
+node_id proc(idx uint) NodeId {
+    debug.assert(u64(idx) < u64(NO_NODE))
+    return NodeId(idx)
+}
+
+maybe_node_id proc(idx uint) ?NodeId {
+    if (u64(idx) >= u64(NO_NODE)) return null
+    return NodeId(idx)
+}
+
+extra_id proc(idx uint) ExtraId {
+    debug.assert(u64(idx) < u64(NO_EXTRA))
+    return ExtraId(idx)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import "@std"
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/arraylist"
+
+import "@source/lexer"
+import "@source/parser"
+import "@source/ast"
+
+@hide:file TokenId :: alias lexer.TokenId
+@hide:file Token :: alias lexer.Token
+@hide:file Node :: alias ast.Node
+@hide:file NodeId :: alias ast.NodeId
+@hide:file ParseState :: alias parser.State
+
+Renderer :: struct { tokens std.ArrayList(Token) }
+
+init proc(allocator mem.Allocator) Renderer {
+    return Renderer{ tokens = arraylist.init(allocator) }
+}
+
+deinit proc(renderer @mut Renderer) void {
+    arraylist.deinit(&renderer.tokens)
+}
+
+render_token_stream proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token
+) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    match node.kind {
+        .literal_int, .literal_float, .literal_string:
+            _ = try render_lit(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        .stmt_decl:
+            try render_stmt_decl(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        .func_decl:
+            try render_func_decl(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        .package:
+            try render_pkg(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        else: unreachable
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_pkg proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    extra_start :: usize(node.data0.extra_id)
+    extra_end :: usize(node.data1.extra_id)
+    for extra_start..extra_end |i| {
+        stmt_node_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[i])
+        stmt_node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(stmt_node_id)]
+        match stmt_node.kind {
+            .stmt_decl:
+                try render_stmt_decl(renderer, stmt_node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+            .func_decl:
+                try render_func_decl(renderer, stmt_node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+            else: unreachable
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_stmt_decl proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    tok_ident :: tokens[usize(node.main_token)]
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok_ident)
+
+    raw_node_id_type :: parse_state.extra.items[usize(node.data0.extra_id)]
+    node_id_type :: ast.maybe_node_id(raw_node_id_type)
+    if (node_id_type) |id| try render_type(renderer, id, parse_state, tokens)
+
+    tok_assign :: tokens[usize(node.data1.token_id)]
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok_assign)
+
+    node_id_expr :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[usize(node.data0.extra_id + 1)])
+    last_expr_token :: try render_expr(renderer, node_id_expr, parse_state, tokens)
+
+    terminator_idx :: usize(last_expr_token) + 1
+    tok_terminator :: if (terminator_idx < tokens.len) tokens[terminator_idx] else return
+    if (tok_terminator.kind != .newline and tok_terminator.kind != .eof) return
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok_terminator)
+
+    eof_idx :: terminator_idx + 1
+    if (tok_terminator.kind == .newline and
+        eof_idx < tokens.len and
+        tokens[eof_idx].kind == .eof
+    ) try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[eof_idx])
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_func_decl proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    ident_idx :: usize(node.main_token)
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[ident_idx])
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[ident_idx + 1])
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[ident_idx + 2])
+
+    payload_start :: usize(node.data1.extra_id)
+    param_count :: usize(parse_state.extra.items[payload_start + 1])
+    first_param :: payload_start + 2
+    for 0..param_count |i| {
+        param_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[first_param + i])
+        param_node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(param_id)]
+        type_id :: param_node.data0.node_id
+        type_node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(type_id)]
+        try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[usize(param_node.main_token)])
+
+        has_next :: i + 1 < param_count
+        if has_next {
+            next_param_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[first_param + i + 1])
+            next_param :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(next_param_id)]
+            if (next_param.data0.node_id == type_id) {
+                try arraylist.append(
+                    &renderer.tokens,
+                    tokens[usize(param_node.main_token) + 1],
+                )
+                continue
+            }
+        }
+
+        try render_type(renderer, type_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        if has_next {
+            try arraylist.append(
+                &renderer.tokens,
+                tokens[usize(type_node.main_token) + 1],
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    return_type_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[payload_start])
+    return_type_node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(return_type_id)]
+    try arraylist.append(
+        &renderer.tokens,
+        tokens[usize(return_type_node.main_token) - 1],
+    )
+    try render_type(renderer, return_type_id, parse_state, tokens)
+
+    open_curly_id :: TokenId(usize(return_type_node.main_token) + 1)
+    close_curly_id :: try render_block(
+        renderer,
+        node.data0.node_id,
+        open_curly_id,
+        parse_state,
+        tokens,
+    )
+
+    terminator_idx :: usize(close_curly_id) + 1
+    if (terminator_idx >= tokens.len) return
+    tok_terminator :: tokens[terminator_idx]
+    if (tok_terminator.kind != .newline and tok_terminator.kind != .eof) return
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok_terminator)
+
+    eof_idx :: terminator_idx + 1
+    if (tok_terminator.kind == .newline and
+        eof_idx < tokens.len and
+        tokens[eof_idx].kind == .eof
+    ) try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[eof_idx])
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_block proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    open_curly_id TokenId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) TokenId ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    open_curly_idx :: usize(open_curly_id)
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[open_curly_idx])
+
+    leading_token := open_curly_idx + 1
+    while (leading_token < tokens.len and tokens[leading_token].kind == .newline) {
+        try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[leading_token])
+        leading_token += 1
+    }
+
+    extra_start :: usize(node.data0.extra_id)
+    extra_end :: usize(node.data1.extra_id)
+    for extra_start..extra_end |i| {
+        stmt_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[i])
+        stmt :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(stmt_id)]
+        match stmt.kind {
+            .stmt_decl:
+                try render_stmt_decl(renderer, stmt_id, parse_state, tokens)
+            else: unreachable
+        }
+    }
+
+    # ponytail: linear delimiter scan; store brace tokens if nested blocks make rendering hot.
+    depth usize := 1
+    close_curly_idx := open_curly_idx + 1
+    while close_curly_idx < tokens.len {
+        match tokens[close_curly_idx].kind {
+            .open_curly: depth += 1
+            .close_curly: {
+                depth -= 1
+                if (depth == 0) {
+                    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[close_curly_idx])
+                    return TokenId(close_curly_idx)
+                }
+            }
+            else: {}
+        }
+        close_curly_idx += 1
+    }
+    unreachable
+}
+
+
+@hide:file
+render_expr proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) TokenId ! mem.AllocError {
+    # todo: support unary expressions
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    return match node.kind {
+        .expr_identifier: {
+            tok :: tokens[usize(node.main_token)]
+            try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok)
+            yield node.main_token
+        }
+        .expr_unary:
+            try render_expr_unary(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        .expr_binary:
+            try render_expr_binary(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        .literal_int, .literal_float, .literal_string:
+            try render_lit(renderer, node_id, parse_state, tokens)
+        else: unreachable
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_expr_unary proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) TokenId ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    operator :: node.main_token
+    operand :: node.data0.node_id
+
+    # render operator operand
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[usize(operator)])
+    last_token :: try render_expr(renderer, operand, parse_state, tokens)
+
+    return last_token
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_expr_binary proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) TokenId ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    operator :: node.main_token
+    lhs :: node.data0.node_id
+    rhs :: node.data1.node_id
+
+    # render lhs operator rhs
+    _ = try render_expr(renderer, lhs, parse_state, tokens)
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tokens[usize(operator)])
+    last_token :: try render_expr(renderer, rhs, parse_state, tokens)
+
+    return last_token
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_type proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    # todo: support more expressive type expressions...
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    match node.kind {
+        .expr_identifier: {
+            tok :: tokens[usize(node.main_token)]
+            try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok)
+        }
+        else: unreachable
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+render_lit proc(
+    renderer @mut Renderer,
+    node_id NodeId,
+    parse_state @ParseState,
+    tokens []Token,
+) TokenId ! mem.AllocError {
+    node :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(node_id)]
+    tok :: tokens[usize(node.main_token)]
+    try arraylist.append(&renderer.tokens, tok)
+    return node.main_token
+}
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-import "@std"
-import "@std/mem"
-import "@std/arraylist"
-
-scan func(tokens @mut std.ArrayList(Token), input []u8) void ! mem.AllocError {
-    cursor usize = 0
-    while cursor < input.len {
-        char :: input[cursor]
-
-        # whitespace
-        if char == '\n' {
-	        try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .newline, start = cursor })
-	        cursor += 1
-			continue
-        } else if is_whitespace(char) {
-            cursor += 1
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # comments
-        if char == '#' {
-            while cursor < input.len and input[cursor] != '\n' : cursor += 1 {}
-            cursor += 1
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # identifiers and keywords
-        if is_alpha(char) or char == '_' {
-            start :: cursor
-            cursor += 1
-            while cursor < input.len and (is_alpha(input[cursor]) or is_digit(input[cursor]) or input[cursor] == '_') {
-                cursor += 1
-            }
-            try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .ident, start = start })
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # integers literals
-        if is_digit(char) {
-            start :: cursor
-            cursor += 1
-            while cursor < input.len and is_digit(input[cursor]) {
-                cursor += 1
-            }
-            try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .int, start = start })
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # string literals
-        if char == '"' {
-            start :: cursor
-            cursor += 1
-
-            while cursor < input.len and input[cursor] != '"' and input[cursor] != '\n' : cursor += 1 {
-	            # ignore escaped characters
-	            if (input[cursor] == '\\' and cursor + 1 < input.len) cursor += 1
-            }
-
-            if cursor < input.len and input[cursor] == '"' {
-                cursor += 1
-	            try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .string, start = start })
-            } else {
-                try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .invalid, start = start })
-            }
-
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # mutable assignment
-        if char == '=' {
-            try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .equal, start = cursor })
-            cursor += 1
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # immutable assignment
-        cursor += 1
-        if cursor < input.len and char == ':' and input[cursor] == ':' {
-            try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .double_colon, start = cursor })
-            cursor += 1
-            continue
-        }
-
-        # invalid character
-        try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .invalid, start = cursor })
-    }
-    try arraylist.append(tokens, Token{ kind = .eof, start = cursor })
-}
-
-hide is_whitespace func(char u8) bool {
-    return char == ' ' or char == '\t' or char == '\n' or char == '\r'
-}
-
-hide is_alpha func(char u8) bool {
-    return match char {
-        'a'..'z', 'A'..'Z': true
-        else: false
-    }
-}
-
-hide is_digit func(char u8) bool {
-    return match char {
-        '0'..'9': true
-        else: false
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+import "@std"
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/strmap"
+import "@std/enums/enummap"
+import "@std/arraylist"
+
+import "@source/strpool"
+
+ScanError :: struct {
+    code ErrorCode
+    end usize
+}
+
+ErrorCode :: enum {
+    invalid_character,
+    float_must_end_with_digit,
+    unterminated_string,
+}
+
+ErrorDetails :: struct {
+    name []u8
+    message []u8
+}
+
+error_msg_map std.EnumMap(ErrorCode, ErrorDetails) :: enummap.init({
+    invalid_character = ErrorDetails {
+        name = "L0",
+        message = "invalid character",
+    },
+    float_must_end_with_digit = ErrorDetails {
+        name = "L1",
+        message = "float must end with a digit",
+    },
+})
+
+keywords std.StringMap(TokenKind) :: strmap.init([
+    { "proc", .proc },
+    { "return", .return },
+    { "if", .if },
+    { "for", .for },
+    { "else", .else },
+    { "while", .while },
+])
+
+Diagnostic :: struct {
+    token TokenId
+    code ErrorCode
+}
+
+State :: struct {
+    tokens std.ArrayList(Token)
+    diagnostics std.ArrayList(Diagnostic)
+}
+
+init proc(allocator mem.Allocator) State {
+    return State {
+        tokens = arraylist.init(allocator),
+        diagnostics = arraylist.init(allocator),
+    }
+}
+
+deinit proc(state @mut State) void {
+    arraylist.deinit(&state.tokens)
+    arraylist.deinit(&state.diagnostics)
+}
+
+scan proc(state @mut State, program []u8) void ! (mem.AllocError | strpool.InternError) {
+    diagnostics :: &state.diagnostics
+
+    cursor := 0
+    while cursor < program.len {
+        char :: program[cursor]
+
+        # whitespace
+        if char == '\n' {
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .newline })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        } else if is_whitespace(char) {
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # comments
+        if char == '#' {
+            while (cursor < program.len and program[cursor] != '\n') cursor += 1
+            cursor += 1 # also skip newline
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # identifiers and keywords
+        if is_alpha(char) or char == '_' {
+            start :: cursor
+            result :: scan_ident(start, program)
+            try add_token(state, Token{
+                start = start,
+                kind = result.kind,
+                str_id = result.str_id,
+            })
+            cursor = result.end
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # numeric literals
+        if is_digit(char) {
+            start :: cursor
+            result :: scan_number(start, program) catch |err| {
+                token :: token_id(state.tokens.items.len)
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = start, kind = .invalid })
+                try arraylist.append(diagnostics, Diagnostic{ token = token, code = err.code })
+                cursor = err.end
+                continue
+            }
+
+            kind :: if (result.has_decimal) .float else .int
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = start, kind = kind })
+            cursor = result.end
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # string literals
+        if char == '"' {
+            start :: cursor
+            result :: scan_string(start, program) catch |err| {
+                token :: token_id(state.tokens.items.len)
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = start, kind = .invalid })
+                try arraylist.append(diagnostics, Diagnostic{ token = token, code = err.code })
+                cursor = err.end
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = start, kind = .string })
+            cursor = result.end
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # immutable decl, mutable decl, or single colon
+        if char == ':' {
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == ':' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .double_colon })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == '=' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .colon_equal })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .colon })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # compound arithmetic assignment
+        if char == '+' {
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == '=' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .plus_equal })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .plus })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+        if char == '-' {
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == '=' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .minus_equal })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .minus })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+        if char == '*' {
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == '=' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .star_equal })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .star })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+        if char == '/' {
+            if cursor + 1 < program.len and program[cursor + 1] == '=' {
+                try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .slash_equal })
+                cursor += 2
+                continue
+            }
+
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .slash })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # single character tokens
+        kind ?TokenKind :: match char {
+            '=': .equal
+            ',': .comma
+            '(': .open_paren
+            ')': .close_paren
+            '{': .open_curly
+            '}': .close_curly
+            else: null
+        }
+
+        if (kind) |k| {
+            try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = k })
+            cursor += 1
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # invalid character
+        token :: token_id(state.tokens.items.len)
+        try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .invalid })
+        try arraylist.append(diagnostics, Diagnostic{ token = token, code = .invalid_character })
+        cursor += 1
+    }
+
+    try add_token(state, Token{ start = cursor, kind = .eof })
+}
+
+ScanIdentResult :: struct {
+    end usize
+    kind TokenKind
+    str_id strpool.StringId
+}
+
+scan_ident proc(start usize, program []u8) ScanIdentResult {
+    cursor := start + 1
+
+    # scan whole identifier
+    while (cursor < program.len and (
+        is_alpha(program[cursor]) or
+        is_digit(program[cursor]) or
+        program[cursor] == '_'
+    )) cursor += 1
+
+    kind :: strmap.get(&keywords, program[start..cursor]) orelse .ident
+
+    # don't intern keywords (already O(1) lookup via token kind)
+    str_id :: if (kind == .ident)
+        strpool.intern(&strpool.STRINGS, program[start..cursor]) catch strpool.NO_STR
+    else
+        strpool.NO_STR
+
+    return ScanIdentResult{
+        end = cursor,
+        kind = kind,
+        str_id = str_id,
+    }
+}
+
+ScanNumResult :: struct {
+    end usize
+    has_decimal bool
+}
+
+scan_number proc(start usize, program []u8) ScanNumResult ! ScanError {
+    cursor := start
+    has_decimal := false
+
+    # scan integer part
+    while (cursor < program.len and is_digit(program[cursor])) cursor += 1
+
+    # check for decimal
+    if cursor < program.len and program[cursor] == '.' {
+        has_decimal = true
+        cursor += 1
+    }
+
+    # assert non-terminating decimal
+    if has_decimal and (cursor >= program.len or !is_digit(program[cursor])) {
+        return ScanError{
+            code = .float_must_end_with_digit,
+            end = cursor,
+        }
+    }
+
+    # scan fractional part
+    while (cursor < program.len and is_digit(program[cursor])) cursor += 1
+
+    return ScanNumResult{
+        end = cursor,
+        has_decimal = has_decimal,
+    }
+}
+
+ScanStrResult :: struct { end usize }
+
+scan_string proc(start usize, program []u8) ScanStrResult ! ScanError {
+    cursor := start + 1 # skip first `"`
+
+    # scan entire string
+    while cursor < program.len and program[cursor] != '"' and program[cursor] != '\n' : cursor += 1 {
+        # ignore escaped characters
+        if (program[cursor] == '\\' and cursor + 1 < program.len) cursor += 1
+    }
+
+    # assert string terminal
+    if (cursor >= program.len or program[cursor] != '"') return ScanError{
+        code = .unterminated_string,
+        end = cursor,
+    }
+
+    return ScanStrResult{
+        end = cursor + 1, # skip last `"`
+    }
+}
+
+@hide
+is_whitespace proc(char u8) bool {
+    return char == ' ' or char == '\t' or char == '\n' or char == '\r'
+}
+
+@hide
+is_alpha proc(char u8) bool {
+    return match char {
+        'a'..='z', 'A'..='Z': true
+        else: false
+    }
+}
+
+@hide
+is_digit proc(char u8) bool {
+    return match char {
+        '0'..='9': true
+        else: false
+    }
+}
+
+@hide
+add_token proc(state @mut State, token Token) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    _ = token_id(state.tokens.items.len)
+    try arraylist.append(&state.tokens, token)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import "@source/strpool"
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/testing"
+
+handles_keywords_identifiers_and_error_progress test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    state State := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&state)
+    try scan(&state, "if name # comment\n@1. 2 3.5 \"hi\"")
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(8, state.tokens.items.len)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.if, state.tokens.items[0].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.ident, state.tokens.items[1].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.invalid, state.tokens.items[2].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.invalid, state.tokens.items[3].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.int, state.tokens.items[4].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.float, state.tokens.items[5].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.string, state.tokens.items[6].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(TokenKind.eof, state.tokens.items[7].kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(2, state.diagnostics.items.len)
+    try testing.expect_equal("name", strpool.get_str(&strpool.STRINGS, state.tokens.items[1].str_id)?)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+import "@std/debug"
+import "@source/strpool"
+
+TokenId :: distinct u32
+
+NO_TOKEN :: maxval!(TokenId)
+
+Token :: struct {
+    start uint
+    kind TokenKind
+    str_id strpool.StringId = strpool.NO_STR
+}
+
+TokenKind :: enum {
+    # keywords
+    if, else
+    for, while
+    proc, return
+
+    # literals
+    ident, string
+    int, float
+
+    # comparison
+    equal_equal, not_equal
+    less, less_equal
+    greater, greater_equal
+
+    # assignment
+    double_colon, colon_equal
+    equal
+
+    # arithmetic
+    plus, minus
+    star, slash
+
+    # assignment & arithmetic
+    plus_equal, minus_equal
+    star_equal, slash_equal
+
+    # delimiters
+    open_paren, close_paren
+    open_bracket, close_bracket
+    open_curly, close_curly
+
+    comma
+    colon
+    newline
+
+    # special
+    eof
+    invalid
+}
+
+render_token proc(tok Token, program []u8) void {
+    match tok.kind {
+        .ident: {
+            if (strpool.get_str(&strpool.STRINGS, tok.str_id)) |str| {
+                debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, str})
+            } else {
+                res :: scan_ident(tok.start, program)
+                debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, program[tok.start..res.end]})
+            }
+        }
+        .string: {
+            res :: scan_string(tok.start, program) catch |_| {
+                debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, "null"})
+                return
+            }
+            debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, program[tok.start..res.end]})
+        }
+        .int, .float: {
+            res :: scan_number(tok.start, program) catch |_| {
+                debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, "null"})
+                return
+            }
+            debug.print("{}({})\n", {tok.kind, program[tok.start..res.end]})
+        }
+        else: debug.print("{}\n", {tok.kind})
+    }
+}
+
+token_id proc(idx uint) TokenId {
+    debug.assert(u64(idx) < u64(NO_TOKEN))
+    return TokenId(idx)
+}
@@ -1,33 +1,111 @@
-import "@std"
 import "@std/debug"
 import "@std/mem"
-import "@std/arraylist"

+test import "@std/enums/enummap"
 test import "@std/arraylist"
 test import "@std/hashmap"
+test import "@std/strmap"
+test import "@std/meta"
+
+import "@source/strpool"
+import "@source/lexer"
+import "@source/parser"
+
+ast_renderer :: import "@source/ast/renderer"
+
+test import "@source/strpool"
+test import "@source/lexer"
+test import "@source/parser"

 program ::
-	`# these are immutable
-	`x :: 32
-	`y :: 3.2
-	`
-	`# these are mutable
-	`z u32 = 54
+    `# literals
+    `x float :: 123.9
+    `y int := 43
+    `z :: "hello"
+    `
+    `a := 1 + 2 * 3
+    `b :: -3 / 2 + 1
+    `
+    `empty proc() void {}
+    `grouped proc(a, b T, c U) void {
+    `    value int :: 1
+    `}
+
+main proc() void! {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)

-main func() void {
    debug.print("PROGRAM::[[\n{}\n]]\n\n", {program})

-    tokens std.ArrayList(Token) = arraylist.init(mem.c_allocator)
-    defer arraylist.deinit(&tokens)
-
-    scan(&tokens, program) catch |_| {
-        debug.print("failed to scan: out of memory\n", {})
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    lexer.scan(&scan_state, program) catch |err| {
+        debug.print("failed to scan: {}\n", {err})
        return
    }

    debug.print("TOKENS::[[\n", {})
-    for tokens.items |token| {
-        debug.print("{}\n", { token.kind })
+    for (scan_state.tokens.items) |tok| lexer.render_token(tok, program)
+    debug.print("]]\n\n", {})
+
+    parse_state := parser.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer parser.deinit(&parse_state)
+    root :: parser.parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items) catch |err| {
+        debug.print("failed to parse: {}\n", {err})
+        return
    }
+
+    debug.print("AST::[[\n", {})
+    for parse_state.nodes.items |node, i| {
+        match node.kind {
+            .expr_identifier: {
+                ident :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                res :: lexer.scan_ident(ident.start, program)
+                debug.print("{}: {}({})\n", { i, node.kind, program[ident.start..res.end] })
+            }
+            .literal_int, .literal_float: {
+                lit :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                res :: lexer.scan_number(lit.start, program) catch |_| {
+                    debug.print("{}: {}\n", { i, node.kind })
+                    continue
+                }
+                debug.print("{}: {}({})\n", { i, node.kind, program[lit.start..res.end] })
+            }
+            .literal_string: {
+                str :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                res :: lexer.scan_string(str.start, program) catch |_| {
+                    debug.print("{}: {}\n", { i, node.kind })
+                    continue
+                }
+                debug.print("{}: {}({})\n", { i, node.kind, program[str.start..res.end] })
+            }
+            .expr_unary: {
+                operator :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                operand :: node.data0.node_id
+                debug.print("{}: {}({}, operand={})\n", { i, node.kind, operator.kind, operand })
+            }
+            .expr_binary: {
+                operator :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                lhs :: node.data0.node_id
+                rhs :: node.data1.node_id
+                debug.print("{}: {}({}, lhs={}, rhs={})\n", { i, node.kind, operator.kind, lhs, rhs })
+            }
+            .stmt_decl: {
+                ident :: scan_state.tokens.items[usize(node.main_token)]
+                init :: parse_state.extra.items[usize(node.data0.extra_id) + 1]
+                res :: lexer.scan_ident(ident.start, program)
+                debug.print("{}: {}({}, init={})\n", { i, node.kind, program[ident.start..res.end], init })
+            }
+            else: debug.print("{}: {}\n", { i, node.kind })
+        }
+    }
+    debug.print("]]\n\n", {})
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(&renderer, root, &parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    debug.print("AST Render::[[\n", {})
+    for (renderer.tokens.items) |tok| lexer.render_token(tok, program)
    debug.print("]]\n", {})
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+import "@std"
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/arraylist"
+import "@std/enums/enummap"
+import "@std/debug"
+
+import "@source/lexer"
+import "@source/ast"
+
+# todo: move error stuff into a separate file
+
+Diagnostic :: struct {
+    code ErrorCode
+    node NodeId
+}
+
+ParseError :: alias ErrorCode | mem.AllocError
+
+ErrorCode :: enum {
+    unexpected_token,
+}
+
+ErrorDetails :: struct {
+    name []u8
+    message []u8
+}
+
+error_msg_map std.EnumMap(ErrorCode, ErrorDetails) :: enummap.init({
+    unexpected_token = ErrorDetails {
+        name = "P0",
+        message = "unexpected token",
+    },
+})
+
+@hide:file Token :: alias lexer.Token
+@hide:file TokenId :: alias lexer.TokenId
+@hide:file TokenKind :: alias lexer.TokenKind
+@hide:file Node :: alias ast.Node
+@hide:file NodeId :: alias ast.NodeId
+@hide:file ExtraId :: alias ast.ExtraId
+@hide:file NodeData :: alias ast.NodeData
+@hide:file NO_NODE :: alias ast.NO_NODE
+@hide:file NO_EXTRA :: alias ast.NO_EXTRA
+@hide:file token_id :: alias lexer.token_id
+
+BindingPowerScalar :: distinct u32
+
+BindingPower :: struct {
+    left BindingPowerScalar
+    right BindingPowerScalar
+}
+
+prefix_binding_power proc(token_kind TokenKind) ?BindingPowerScalar {
+    return match token_kind {
+        .minus: BindingPowerScalar(30)
+        else: null
+    }
+}
+
+infix_binding_power proc(token_kind TokenKind) ?BindingPower {
+    return match token_kind {
+        .plus, .minus: BindingPower{ left = BindingPowerScalar(10), right = BindingPowerScalar(11) }
+        .star, .slash: BindingPower{ left = BindingPowerScalar(20), right = BindingPowerScalar(21) }
+        else: null
+    }
+}
+
+postfix_binding_power proc(token_kind TokenKind) ?BindingPowerScalar {
+    return match token_kind {
+        .open_paren, .open_bracket: BindingPowerScalar(40)
+        else: null
+    }
+}
+
+State :: struct {
+    nodes std.ArrayList(Node)
+
+    #! array of raw u32's indexing nodes, tokens, etc.
+    extra std.ArrayList(u32)
+
+    tokens []Token = &[]
+    next_token usize = 0
+}
+
+init proc(allocator mem.Allocator) State {
+    return State{
+        nodes = arraylist.init(allocator),
+        extra = arraylist.init(allocator),
+    }
+}
+
+deinit proc(state @mut State) void {
+    arraylist.deinit(&state.nodes)
+    arraylist.deinit(&state.extra)
+}
+
+parse proc(state @mut State, tokens []Token) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    state.tokens = tokens
+    return try parse_pkg(state)
+}
+
+parse_pkg proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    if (state.next_token < state.tokens.len
+        and state.tokens[state.next_token].kind == .eof
+    ) return NO_NODE
+
+    stmt_ids std.ArrayList(NodeId) := arraylist.init(state.nodes.allocator)
+    defer arraylist.deinit(&stmt_ids)
+
+    while (state.next_token < state.tokens.len
+        and state.tokens[state.next_token].kind != .eof
+    ) {
+        stmt_id :: try parse_decl(state)
+        try arraylist.append(&stmt_ids, stmt_id)
+    }
+
+    pkg_start :: ast.extra_id(state.extra.items.len)
+    for (stmt_ids.items) |stmt_id| _ = try add_extra(state, u32(stmt_id))
+    pkg_end :: ast.extra_id(state.extra.items.len)
+
+    return try add_node(state, Node{
+        kind = .package,
+        data0 = NodeData{ extra_id = pkg_start },
+        data1 = NodeData{ extra_id = pkg_end },
+    })
+}
+
+parse_decl proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    if next_n_is(state, 1, .proc)
+        return try parse_func_decl(state)
+    else
+        return try parse_stmt_decl(state)
+}
+
+parse_func_decl proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    ident_tok_id :: try consume(state, .ident)
+    _ = try consume(state, .proc)
+    _ = try consume(state, .open_paren)
+
+    param_decls std.ArrayList(NodeId) := arraylist.init(state.nodes.allocator)
+    defer arraylist.deinit(&param_decls)
+
+    ident_ids std.ArrayList(TokenId) := arraylist.init(state.nodes.allocator)
+    defer arraylist.deinit(&ident_ids)
+
+    while !next_is(state, .close_paren) {
+        arraylist.clear(&ident_ids)
+
+        # collect param group
+        while true {
+            param_tok_id :: try consume(state, .ident)
+            try arraylist.append(&ident_ids, param_tok_id)
+
+            if next_is(state, .ident) break
+            _ = try consume(state, .comma)
+        }
+
+        # collect type
+        try expect(state, .ident)
+        type_id :: try parse_primary(state)
+        for (ident_ids.items) |id| {
+            param_decl :: try add_node(state, Node{
+                kind = .param_decl,
+                main_token = id,
+                data0 = NodeData{ node_id = type_id },
+            })
+            try arraylist.append(&param_decls, param_decl)
+        }
+
+        if next_is(state, .comma) _ = try consume(state, .comma)
+    }
+
+    _ = try consume(state, .close_paren)
+
+    try expect(state, .ident)
+    return_type_id :: try parse_primary(state)
+    block_id :: try parse_block(state)
+
+    while next_is(state, .newline) _ = try consume(state, .newline)
+
+    extra_id :: try add_extra(state, u32(return_type_id))
+    _ = try add_extra(state, u32(param_decls.items.len))
+    for (param_decls.items) |param| _ = try add_extra(state, u32(param))
+
+    return try add_node(state, Node{
+        kind = .func_decl,
+        main_token = ident_tok_id,
+        data0 = NodeData{ node_id = block_id },
+        data1 = NodeData{ extra_id = extra_id },
+    })
+}
+
+parse_block proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    stmt_ids std.ArrayList(NodeId) := arraylist.init(state.nodes.allocator)
+    defer arraylist.deinit(&stmt_ids)
+
+    _ = try consume(state, .open_curly)
+    while next_is(state, .newline) _ = try consume(state, .newline)
+
+    while !next_is(state, .close_curly) {
+        stmt_id :: try parse_stmt(state)
+        try arraylist.append(&stmt_ids, stmt_id)
+        while next_is(state, .newline) _ = try consume(state, .newline)
+    }
+
+    _ = try consume(state, .close_curly)
+
+    block_start :: ast.extra_id(state.extra.items.len)
+    for (stmt_ids.items) |id| _ = try add_extra(state, u32(id))
+    block_end :: ast.extra_id(state.extra.items.len)
+
+    return try add_node(state, Node{
+        kind = .block,
+        data0 = NodeData{ extra_id = block_start },
+        data1 = NodeData{ extra_id = block_end },
+    })
+}
+
+parse_stmt proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    if next_is(state, .ident) return try parse_stmt_decl(state)
+    return .unexpected_token
+}
+
+parse_stmt_decl proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! ParseError {
+    # expect identifier
+    ident_tok_id :: try consume(state, .ident)
+
+    # check for type
+    # todo: make a parse_type proc for this
+    type_id :: if (next_is(state, .ident))
+        try parse_primary(state)
+    else
+        NO_NODE
+
+    # expect `::` or `:=` (immutable or mutable assignment)
+    mutability_tok_id :: try consume_either(state, &[.double_colon, .colon_equal])
+
+    # expect expression
+    expr_id :: try parse_expr(state)
+
+    # expect statement terminator (newline)
+    while (next_is(state, .newline)) _ = try consume(state, .newline)
+
+    extra_start_id :: try add_extra(state, u32(type_id))
+    _ = try add_extra(state, u32(expr_id))
+
+    return try add_node(state, Node{
+        kind = .stmt_decl,
+        main_token = ident_tok_id,
+        data0 = NodeData{ extra_id = extra_start_id },
+        data1 = NodeData{ token_id = mutability_tok_id },
+    })
+}
+
+parse_expr proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! mem.AllocError {
+    return try parse_expr_bp(state, BindingPowerScalar(0))
+}
+
+parse_expr_bp proc(state @mut State, min_bp BindingPowerScalar) NodeId ! mem.AllocError {
+    # parse left-hand side
+    kind := state.tokens[state.next_token].kind
+
+    lhs := if (prefix_binding_power(kind)) |right_bp| {
+        operator :: token_id(state.next_token)
+        state.next_token += 1
+
+        operand :: try parse_expr_bp(state, right_bp)
+
+        yield try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .expr_unary,
+            main_token = operator,
+            data0 = NodeData{ node_id = operand },
+        })
+    } else {
+        yield try parse_primary(state)
+    }
+
+    # parse right-hand side
+    while true {
+        kind = state.tokens[state.next_token].kind
+
+        # try postfix (higher precedence)
+        if postfix_binding_power(kind) |left_bp| {
+            if (left_bp < min_bp) break
+
+            lhs = match state.tokens[state.next_token].kind {
+                .open_paren: debug.unimplemented() # todo: parse call
+                .open_bracket: debug.unimplemented() # todo: parse index
+                else: unreachable
+            }
+            continue
+        }
+
+        # try infex (lower precedence)
+        if infix_binding_power(kind) |bp| {
+            if (bp.left < min_bp) break
+
+            operator :: token_id(state.next_token)
+            state.next_token += 1
+
+            rhs :: try parse_expr_bp(state, bp.right)
+            lhs = try add_node(state, Node{
+                kind = .expr_binary,
+                main_token = operator,
+                data0 = NodeData{ node_id = lhs },
+                data1 = NodeData{ node_id = rhs },
+            })
+
+            continue
+        }
+
+        break
+    }
+
+    return lhs
+}
+
+parse_primary proc(state @mut State) NodeId ! mem.AllocError {
+    start_idx :: state.next_token
+    start_tok_id :: TokenId(start_idx)
+    state.next_token += 1
+    return match state.tokens[start_idx].kind {
+        .int: try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .literal_int,
+            main_token = start_tok_id,
+        })
+        .float: try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .literal_float,
+            main_token = start_tok_id,
+        })
+        .string: try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .literal_string,
+            main_token = start_tok_id,
+        })
+        .ident: try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .expr_identifier,
+            main_token = start_tok_id,
+        })
+        else: try add_node(state, Node{
+            kind = .invalid,
+            main_token = start_tok_id,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+@hide
+next_is proc(state @mut State, token_kind TokenKind) bool {
+    return state.tokens[state.next_token].kind == token_kind
+}
+
+@hide
+next_is_either proc(state @mut State, token_kinds []TokenKind) bool {
+    for (token_kinds) |kind| if next_is(state, kind) return true
+    return false
+}
+
+@hide
+next_n_is proc(state @mut State, n usize, token_kind TokenKind) bool {
+    return state.tokens[state.next_token + n].kind == token_kind
+}
+
+@hide
+expect proc(state @mut State, token_kind TokenKind) void ! ErrorCode {
+    if (state.tokens[state.next_token].kind != token_kind) return .unexpected_token
+}
+
+@hide
+expect_either proc(state @mut State, token_kinds []TokenKind) void ! ErrorCode {
+    for (token_kinds) |kind| if (state.tokens[state.next_token].kind == kind) return
+    return .unexpected_token
+}
+
+@hide
+consume proc(state @mut State, token_kind TokenKind) TokenId ! ErrorCode {
+    try expect(state, token_kind)
+    id :: TokenId(state.next_token)
+    state.next_token += 1
+    return id
+}
+
+@hide
+consume_either proc(state @mut State, token_kinds []TokenKind) TokenId ! ErrorCode {
+    try expect_either(state, token_kinds)
+    id :: TokenId(state.next_token)
+    state.next_token += 1
+    return id
+}
+
+@hide
+add_node proc(state @mut State, node Node) NodeId ! mem.AllocError {
+    id :: ast.node_id(state.nodes.items.len)
+    try arraylist.append(&state.nodes, node)
+    return id
+}
+
+@hide
+add_extra proc(state @mut State, data u32) ExtraId ! mem.AllocError {
+    id :: ast.extra_id(state.extra.items.len)
+    try arraylist.append(&state.extra, data)
+    return id
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/testing"
+
+import "@source/strpool"
+import "@source/lexer"
+import "@source/ast"
+
+ast_renderer :: import "@source/ast/renderer"
+
+handles_package_declarations test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    source ::
+        `first int :: 42
+        `second float :: 2.15 + 3
+        `message :: "hello"
+
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    try lexer.scan(&scan_state, source)
+
+    parse_state := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&parse_state)
+    root :: try parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(&renderer, root, &parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(scan_state.tokens.items.len, renderer.tokens.items.len)
+    for scan_state.tokens.items |expected, i| {
+        actual :: renderer.tokens.items[i]
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.kind, actual.kind)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.start, actual.start)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.str_id, actual.str_id)
+    }
+}
+
+handles_unary_arithmetic_prefix_expression test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    source ::
+        `first :: -42 + 1
+
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    try lexer.scan(&scan_state, source)
+
+    parse_state := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&parse_state)
+    root :: try parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(&renderer, root, &parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(scan_state.tokens.items.len, renderer.tokens.items.len)
+    for scan_state.tokens.items |expected, i| {
+        actual :: renderer.tokens.items[i]
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.kind, actual.kind)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.start, actual.start)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.str_id, actual.str_id)
+    }
+}
+
+handles_binary_arithmetic_expression test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    source ::
+        `first int :: 42 + 3
+        `second :: 134 + 5
+        `third float :: 1.35 + 2
+        `fourth :: first + second
+
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    try lexer.scan(&scan_state, source)
+
+    parse_state := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&parse_state)
+    root :: try parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(&renderer, root, &parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(scan_state.tokens.items.len, renderer.tokens.items.len)
+    for scan_state.tokens.items |expected, i| {
+        actual :: renderer.tokens.items[i]
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.kind, actual.kind)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.start, actual.start)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.str_id, actual.str_id)
+    }
+}
+
+handles_statement_declaration test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    source ::
+        `value int :: 42
+
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    try lexer.scan(&scan_state, source)
+
+    parse_state := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&parse_state)
+    root :: try parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(&renderer, root, &parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(scan_state.tokens.items.len, renderer.tokens.items.len)
+    for scan_state.tokens.items |expected, i| {
+        actual :: renderer.tokens.items[i]
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.kind, actual.kind)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.start, actual.start)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.str_id, actual.str_id)
+    }
+}
+
+handles_function_declarations test {
+    strpool.STRINGS = strpool.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer strpool.deinit(&strpool.STRINGS)
+
+    source ::
+        `empty proc() void {}
+        `grouped proc(a, b T, c U) void {
+        `    value int :: 1
+        `}
+
+    scan_state := lexer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer lexer.deinit(&scan_state)
+    try lexer.scan(&scan_state, source)
+
+    parse_state := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&parse_state)
+    root_id :: try parse(&parse_state, scan_state.tokens.items)
+    root :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(root_id)]
+
+    package_start :: usize(root.data0.extra_id)
+    package_end :: usize(root.data1.extra_id)
+    try testing.expect_equal(usize(2), package_end - package_start)
+
+    empty_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[package_start])
+    empty :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(empty_id)]
+    empty_payload :: usize(empty.data1.extra_id)
+    empty_block :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(empty.data0.node_id)]
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.func_decl, empty.kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(u32(0), parse_state.extra.items[empty_payload + 1])
+    try testing.expect_equal(
+        usize(empty_block.data0.extra_id),
+        usize(empty_block.data1.extra_id),
+    )
+
+    grouped_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[package_start + 1])
+    grouped :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(grouped_id)]
+    grouped_payload :: usize(grouped.data1.extra_id)
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.func_decl, grouped.kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(u32(3), parse_state.extra.items[grouped_payload + 1])
+
+    param_a_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[grouped_payload + 2])
+    param_b_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[grouped_payload + 3])
+    param_c_id :: ast.node_id(parse_state.extra.items[grouped_payload + 4])
+    param_a :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(param_a_id)]
+    param_b :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(param_b_id)]
+    param_c :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(param_c_id)]
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.param_decl, param_a.kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.param_decl, param_b.kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.param_decl, param_c.kind)
+    try testing.expect(param_a.data0.node_id == param_b.data0.node_id)
+    try testing.expect(param_a.data0.node_id != param_c.data0.node_id)
+
+    grouped_block :: parse_state.nodes.items[usize(grouped.data0.node_id)]
+    try testing.expect_equal(ast.NodeKind.block, grouped_block.kind)
+    try testing.expect_equal(
+        usize(1),
+        usize(grouped_block.data1.extra_id) - usize(grouped_block.data0.extra_id),
+    )
+
+    renderer := ast_renderer.init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer ast_renderer.deinit(&renderer)
+    try ast_renderer.render_token_stream(
+        &renderer,
+        root_id,
+        &parse_state,
+        scan_state.tokens.items,
+    )
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(scan_state.tokens.items.len, renderer.tokens.items.len)
+    for scan_state.tokens.items |expected, i| {
+        actual :: renderer.tokens.items[i]
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.kind, actual.kind)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.start, actual.start)
+        try testing.expect_equal(expected.str_id, actual.str_id)
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/arraylist"
+import "@std/hashmap"
+
+InternError :: enum { out_of_space }
+
+StringId :: alias u32
+
+NO_STR :: maxval!(StringId)
+
+# cross-cutting concern, hence global singleton (owned by main.hon)
+STRINGS StringPool := undefined
+
+StringPool :: struct {
+    ids hashmap.StringHashMap(StringId) # string → id
+    strings arraylist.ArrayList([]u8)   # id → owned string
+    allocator mem.Allocator
+}
+
+init proc(allocator mem.Allocator) StringPool {
+    return StringPool{
+        ids = hashmap.init(allocator),
+        strings = arraylist.init(allocator),
+        allocator = allocator,
+    }
+}
+
+deinit proc(pool @mut StringPool) void {
+    hashmap.deinit(&pool.ids)
+    for pool.strings.items |str| {
+        mem.free(pool.allocator, str)
+    }
+    arraylist.deinit(&pool.strings)
+}
+
+intern proc(pool @mut StringPool, str []u8) StringId ! (mem.AllocError | InternError) {
+    if hashmap.get(&pool.ids, str) |id| return id
+
+    if (pool.strings.items.len >= usize(NO_STR)) return .out_of_space
+    id StringId :: StringId(pool.strings.items.len)
+
+    owned_str []mut u8 :: try mem.alloc(u8, pool.allocator, str.len)
+    errdefer mem.free(pool.allocator, owned_str)
+    memcopy!(owned_str, str)
+
+    try arraylist.append(&pool.strings, owned_str)
+    errdefer _ = arraylist.pop(&pool.strings)
+
+    hashmap.put(&pool.ids, owned_str, id) catch |err| {
+        match err {
+            .key_exists: unreachable
+            else: return err
+        }
+    }
+
+    return id
+}
+
+get_str proc(pool @StringPool, id StringId) ?[]u8 {
+    if (usize(id) >= pool.strings.items.len) return null
+    return pool.strings.items[usize(id)]
+}
+
+get_id proc(pool @StringPool, str []u8) ?StringId {
+    return hashmap.get(&pool.ids, str)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/testing"
+
+handles_interning test {
+    pool StringPool := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&pool)
+
+    input [5]mut u8 := ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
+    id :: try intern(&pool, input[..])
+    duplicate :: try intern(&pool, "hello")
+    input[0] = 'j'
+
+    same_id :: get_id(&pool, "hello")
+    mutated_id :: get_id(&pool, input[..])
+    hello_str :: get_str(&pool, id)
+    invalid_str :: get_str(&pool, id + 1)
+
+    try testing.expect_equal(0, id)
+    try testing.expect_equal(id, duplicate)
+    try testing.expect_equal(id, same_id?)
+    try testing.expect_equal(null, mutated_id)
+    try testing.expect_equal(null, invalid_str)
+    try testing.expect_equal("hello", hello_str?)
+}
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-TokenKind :: enum {
-    ident
-    int
-    float
-    string
-
-    equal
-    double_colon
-
-    left_paren
-    right_paren
-    left_curly
-    right_curly
-
-    newline
-
-    invalid
-    eof
-}
-
-Token :: struct {
-    kind TokenKind
-    start int
-}
@@ -1,67 +1,74 @@
 import "@std/mem"

-ArrayList func($T type) type {
-	return struct {
-		items []mut T
-		capacity usize
-		allocator mem.Allocator
-	}
+ArrayList proc($T type) type {
+    return struct {
+        items []mut T
+        capacity usize
+        allocator mem.Allocator
+    }
 }

-init func($T type, allocator mem.Allocator) ArrayList(T) {
-	return ArrayList(T) {
-		items = mem.empty(T),
-		capacity = 0,
-		allocator = allocator,
-	}
+init proc($T type, allocator mem.Allocator) ArrayList(T) {
+    return ArrayList(T) {
+        items = mem.empty(T),
+        capacity = 0,
+        allocator = allocator,
+    }
 }

-deinit func($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T)) void {
-	allocation []mut T :: list.items.ptr[..list.capacity]
-	mem.free(list.allocator, allocation)
-	list.items = mem.empty(T)
-	list.capacity = 0
+deinit proc($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T)) void {
+    allocation :: list.items.ptr[..list.capacity]
+    mem.free(list.allocator, allocation)
+    list.items = mem.empty(T)
+    list.capacity = 0
 }

-reserve func($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T), min_capacity usize) void ! mem.AllocError {
-	if min_capacity <= list.capacity {
-		return
-	}
+reserve proc($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T), min_capacity usize) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    if min_capacity <= list.capacity {
+        return
+    }

-	new_capacity usize = 8
-	if list.capacity >= 8 {
-		half usize :: divtrunc!(list.capacity, 2)
-		if list.capacity > maxval!(usize) - half {
-			new_capacity = min_capacity
-		} else {
-			new_capacity = list.capacity + half
-		}
-	}
-	if new_capacity < min_capacity {
-		new_capacity = min_capacity
-	}
+    new_capacity := 8
+    if list.capacity >= 8 {
+        half :: divtrunc!(list.capacity, 2)
+        if list.capacity > maxval!(usize) - half {
+            new_capacity = min_capacity
+        } else {
+            new_capacity = list.capacity + half
+        }
+    }
+    if new_capacity < min_capacity {
+        new_capacity = min_capacity
+    }

-	length usize :: list.items.len
-	allocation []mut T :: list.items.ptr[..list.capacity]
-	grown []mut T :: mem.realloc(list.allocator, allocation, new_capacity) catch |_| {
-		return .out_of_memory
-	}
-	list.items = grown.ptr[..length]
-	list.capacity = new_capacity
-	return
+    length usize :: list.items.len
+    allocation []mut T :: list.items.ptr[..list.capacity]
+    grown []mut T :: mem.realloc(list.allocator, allocation, new_capacity) catch |_| {
+        return .out_of_memory
+    }
+    list.items = grown.ptr[..length]
+    list.capacity = new_capacity
+    return
 }

-append func($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T), value T) void ! mem.AllocError {
-	length usize :: list.items.len
-	if length == maxval!(usize) {
-		return .out_of_memory
-	}
-	try reserve(list, length + 1)
-	list.items = list.items.ptr[..length + 1]
-	list.items[length] = value
-	return
+append proc($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T), value T) void ! mem.AllocError {
+    length usize :: list.items.len
+    if length == maxval!(usize) {
+        return .out_of_memory
+    }
+    try reserve(list, length + 1)
+    list.items = list.items.ptr[..length + 1]
+    list.items[length] = value
+    return
 }

-clear func($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T)) void {
-	list.items = list.items.ptr[..0]
+pop proc($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T)) ?T {
+    if (list.items.len == 0) return null
+    value :: list.items[list.items.len - 1]
+    list.items = list.items.ptr[..list.items.len - 1]
+    return value
+}
+
+clear proc($T type, list @mut ArrayList(T)) void {
+    list.items = list.items.ptr[..0]
 }
@@ -2,31 +2,31 @@ import "@std/mem"
 import "@std/testing"

 handles_append test {
-	list ArrayList(i32) = init(mem.c_allocator)
-	defer deinit(&list)
+    list ArrayList(i32) := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&list)

-	try append(&list, 42)
+    try append(&list, 42)

-	try testing.expect_equal(1, list.items.len)
-	try testing.expect_equal(42, list.items[0])
+    try testing.expect_equal(1, list.items.len)
+    try testing.expect_equal(42, list.items[0])
 }

 handles_clear test {
-	list ArrayList(i32) = init(mem.c_allocator)
-	defer deinit(&list)
+    list ArrayList(i32) := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&list)

-	try append(&list, 42)
-	clear(&list)
+    try append(&list, 42)
+    clear(&list)

-	try testing.expect_equal(0, list.items.len)
+    try testing.expect_equal(0, list.items.len)
 }

 handles_reserve test {
-	list ArrayList(i32) = init(mem.c_allocator)
-	defer deinit(&list)
+    list ArrayList(i32) := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&list)

-	try reserve(&list, 10)
+    try reserve(&list, 10)

-	try testing.expect_equal(10, list.capacity)
-	try testing.expect_equal(0, list.items.len)
+    try testing.expect_equal(10, list.capacity)
+    try testing.expect_equal(0, list.items.len)
 }
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
 # Declarative and literal-only: one executable per build. List fields take an
 # address-of an array literal (`&["raylib"]`) and default to empty.
 BuildConfig :: struct {
-	name []u8              # output executable name under root/build
-	source []u8            # program package directory, relative to build.bro
-	libraries [][]u8 = &[] # library names to link (-l)
-	lib_paths [][]u8 = &[] # library search directories (-L)
-	includes [][]u8 = &[]  # C include directories (-I)
-	defines [][]u8 = &[]   # C preprocessor defines (name or name=value)
-	links [][]u8 = &[]     # extra linker inputs (object/source files, -framework pairs)
+    name []u8              # output executable name under root/build
+    source []u8            # program package directory, relative to build.bro
+    libraries [][]u8 = &[] # library names to link (-l)
+    lib_paths [][]u8 = &[] # library search directories (-L)
+    includes [][]u8 = &[]  # C include directories (-I)
+    defines [][]u8 = &[]   # C preprocessor defines (name or name=value)
+    links [][]u8 = &[]     # extra linker inputs (object/source files, -framework pairs)
 }
@@ -1,28 +1,39 @@
 import "@ffi/c"
 import "@std/io"

-print func($format []u8, $Args type, args Args) void {
-	writer io.Writer :: io.Writer{
-		context = none,
-		handle = io.Handle{ file_desc = c_int(io.Stream.stderr) },
-		write = write,
-	}
-	io.print(writer, format, Args, args) catch |_| {}
+assert proc(ok bool) void {
+    if (!ok) unreachable
 }

-hide write func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle io.Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! io.WriteError {
-	request usize = bytes.len
-	maximum usize :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
-	if request > maximum {
-		request = maximum
-	}
-	while true {
-		count c_long :: c.write(handle.file_desc, bytes.ptr, c_ulong(request))
-		if count >= 0 {
-			return usize(count)
-		}
-		if c.__error()?^ != c.EINTR {
-			return .write_failed
-		}
-	}
+unimplemented proc() noreturn {
+    print("not yet implemented\n", {})
+    c.abort()
+    unreachable
+}
+
+print proc($format []u8, $Args type, args Args) void {
+    writer :: io.Writer{
+        context = null,
+        handle = io.Handle{ file_desc = c_int(io.Stream.stderr) },
+        write = write,
+    }
+    io.print(writer, format, Args, args) catch |_| {}
+}
+
+@hide
+write proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle io.Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! io.WriteError {
+    request := bytes.len
+    maximum :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
+    if request > maximum {
+        request = maximum
+    }
+    while true {
+        count :: c.write(handle.file_desc, bytes.ptr, c_ulong(request))
+        if count >= 0 {
+            return usize(count)
+        }
+        if c.__error()?^ != c.EINTR {
+            return .write_failed
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import "@std/meta"
+
+EnumMap proc($E, $V type) type {
+    match typeinfo!(E) {
+        .enum |info|: return struct {
+            present [info.fields.len]mut bool # fixme: replace with bitset
+               values [info.fields.len]mut V
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("EnumMap key must be an enum")
+    }
+}
+
+init proc(
+    $E, $V type,
+    values meta.EnumFieldStruct(E, ?V, some!(null)),
+) EnumMap(E, V) {
+    map EnumMap(E, V) := undefined
+
+    match typeinfo!(E) {
+        .enum |info|: inline for info.fields |field, i| {
+            map.present[i] = false
+
+            if field!(values, field.name) |value| {
+                map.present[i] = true
+                map.values[i] = value
+            }
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("EnumMap key must be an enum")
+    }
+
+    return map
+}
+
+get proc($E, $V type, map @EnumMap(E, V), key E) ?V {
+    # fixme: linear lookup; implement an enum index/discriminant map for O(1) lookup
+    match typeinfo!(E) {
+        .enum |info|: inline for info.fields |field, i| {
+            if key == field!(E, field.name) {
+                if (map.present[i]) return map.values[i]
+                return null
+            }
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("EnumMap key must be an enum")
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import "@std/mem"
+import "@std/testing"
+
+TestEnum :: enum(u8) {
+    ident = 3
+    int = 8
+    eof = 21
+}
+
+handles_sparse_enum_get test {
+    names EnumMap(TestEnum, []u8) := init({
+        ident = "identifier",
+        int = "integer",
+    })
+
+    ident :: get(&names, TestEnum.ident)
+
+    try testing.expect_type(?[]u8, ident)
+    try testing.expect(mem.eql("identifier", ident?))
+
+    eof :: get(&names, TestEnum.eof)
+
+    try testing.expect_type(?[]u8, eof)
+    try testing.expect_equal(null, eof)
+}
@@ -2,157 +2,158 @@ import "@std/mem"

 PutError :: enum { key_exists }

-Entry func($K, $V type) type {
-	return struct {
-		# hash = 0 means empty
-		hash usize = 0
-		key K
-		value V
-	}
+Entry proc($K, $V type) type {
+    return struct {
+        # hash = 0 means empty
+        hash usize = 0
+        key K
+        value V
+    }
 }

-HashMap func(
-	$K, $V type,
-	$hash_key func(key K) usize,
-	$keys_eql func(a, b K) bool,
+HashMap proc(
+    $K, $V type,
+    $hash_key proc(key K) usize,
+    $keys_eql proc(a, b K) bool,
 ) type {
-	return struct {
-		entries []mut Entry(K, V)
-		count usize
-		allocator mem.Allocator
-	}
+    return struct {
+        entries []mut Entry(K, V)
+        count usize
+        allocator mem.Allocator
+    }
 }

-StringHashMap func($V type) type {
-	return HashMap([]u8, V, str_hash, str_eql)
+StringHashMap proc($V type) type {
+    return HashMap([]u8, V, str_hash, str_eql)
 }

-init func(
-	$K, $V type,
-	$hash_key func(key K) usize,
-	$keys_eql func(a, b K) bool,
-	allocator mem.Allocator,
+init proc(
+    $K, $V type,
+    $hash_key proc(key K) usize,
+    $keys_eql proc(a, b K) bool,
+    allocator mem.Allocator,
 ) HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql) {
-	return HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql){
-		entries = mem.empty(Entry(K, V)),
-		count = 0,
-		allocator = allocator,
-	}
+    return HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql){
+        entries = mem.empty(Entry(K, V)),
+        count = 0,
+        allocator = allocator,
+    }
 }

-# frees the entries in the hash map and invalidates it.
-deinit func(
-	$K, $V type,
-	$hash_key func(key K) usize,
-	$keys_eql func(a, b K) bool,
-	map @HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
+#! free the entries in the hash map.
+#! note: this operation invalidates the map.
+deinit proc(
+    $K, $V type,
+    $hash_key proc(key K) usize,
+    $keys_eql proc(a, b K) bool,
+    map @HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
 ) void { mem.free(map.allocator, map.entries) }

-get func(
-	$K, $V type,
-	$hash_key func(key K) usize,
-	$keys_eql func(a, b K) bool,
-	map @HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
-	key K,
+get proc(
+    $K, $V type,
+    $hash_key proc(key K) usize,
+    $keys_eql proc(a, b K) bool,
+    map @HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
+    key K,
 ) ?V {
-	if (map.count == 0) return none
+    if (map.count == 0) return null

-	hash :: normalize(hash_key(key))
-	idx usize = hash & (map.entries.len - 1)
+    hash :: normalize(hash_key(key))
+    idx := hash & (map.entries.len - 1)

-	while true {
-		entry :: map.entries[idx]
-		if (entry.hash == 0) return none
+    while true {
+        entry :: map.entries[idx]
+        if (entry.hash == 0) return null

-		if (entry.hash == hash and keys_eql(entry.key, key)) {
-			return entry.value
-		}
+        if (entry.hash == hash and keys_eql(entry.key, key)) {
+            return entry.value
+        }

-		idx = (idx + 1) & (map.entries.len - 1)
-	}
+        idx = (idx + 1) & (map.entries.len - 1)
+    }
 }

-put func(
-	$K, $V type,
-	$hash_key func(key K) usize,
-	$keys_eql func(a, b K) bool,
-	map @mut HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
-	key K,
-	value V,
+put proc(
+    $K, $V type,
+    $hash_key proc(key K) usize,
+    $keys_eql proc(a, b K) bool,
+    map @mut HashMap(K, V, hash_key, keys_eql),
+    key K,
+    value V,
 ) void ! (PutError | mem.AllocError) {
-	threshold :: map.entries.len - divtrunc!(map.entries.len, 4)
-	if (map.entries.len == 0 or map.count + 1 > threshold) {
-		# grow entries array
-		old_entries :: map.entries
-		new_size :: if (old_entries.len > 0) old_entries.len * 2 else 8
-		new_entries :: try mem.alloc(Entry(K, V), map.allocator, new_size)
+    # check grow
+    threshold :: map.entries.len - divtrunc!(map.entries.len, 4)
+    if (map.entries.len == 0 or map.count + 1 > threshold) {
+        old_entries :: map.entries
+        new_size :: if (old_entries.len > 0) old_entries.len * 2 else 8
+        new_entries :: try mem.alloc(Entry(K, V), map.allocator, new_size)

-		# zero new entries
-		for 0..new_entries.len |i| {
-			new_entries[i].hash = 0
-		}
+        # zero new entries
+        for (0..new_entries.len) |i| new_entries[i].hash = 0

-		# move old entries
-		for old_entries |entry| {
-			if (entry.hash == 0) continue
+        # move old entries
+        for old_entries |entry| {
+            if (entry.hash == 0) continue

-			# find an empty slot
-			idx usize = entry.hash & (new_entries.len - 1)
-			while new_entries[idx].hash != 0 {
-				idx = (idx + 1) & (new_entries.len - 1)
-			}
+            # find an empty slot
+            idx := entry.hash & (new_entries.len - 1)
+            while new_entries[idx].hash != 0 {
+                idx = (idx + 1) & (new_entries.len - 1)
+            }

-			new_entries[idx] = entry
-		}
+            new_entries[idx] = entry
+        }

-		map.entries = new_entries
-		mem.free(map.allocator, old_entries)
-	}
+        map.entries = new_entries
+        mem.free(map.allocator, old_entries)
+    }

-	hash :: normalize(hash_key(key))
-	idx usize = hash & (map.entries.len - 1)
+    # put new entry
+    hash :: normalize(hash_key(key))
+    idx := hash & (map.entries.len - 1)

-	while true {
-		entry :: map.entries[idx]
-		if entry.hash == 0 {
-			map.entries[idx] = Entry(K, V){
-				hash = hash,
-				key = key,
-				value = value,
-			}
-			map.count += 1
-			return
-		}
+    while true {
+        entry :: map.entries[idx]
+        if entry.hash == 0 {
+            map.entries[idx] = Entry(K, V){
+                hash = hash,
+                key = key,
+                value = value,
+            }
+            map.count += 1
+            return
+        }

-		if (entry.hash == hash and keys_eql(entry.key, key)) {
-			return .key_exists
-		}
+        if entry.hash == hash and keys_eql(entry.key, key) {
+            return .key_exists
+        }

-		idx = (idx + 1) & (map.entries.len - 1)
-	}
+        idx = (idx + 1) & (map.entries.len - 1)
+    }
 }

-hide normalize func(hash usize) usize {
-	# mapping both 0 and 1 to 1 is safe because equality resolves
-	# collisions (since hash and key must both be equal).
-	if (hash == 0) return 1
-	return hash
+@hide
+normalize proc(hash usize) usize {
+    # mapping both 0 and 1 to 1 is safe because equality resolves
+    # collisions (since hash and key must both be equal).
+    if (hash == 0) return 1
+    return hash
 }

 #! FNV-1a hash implementation.
 #! note: vulnerable to collision attacks.
-hide str_hash func(key []u8) usize {
-	hash u32 = 2166136261 # offset basis
-	prime u32 = 16777619
+@hide
+str_hash proc(key []u8) usize {
+    hash u32 := 2166136261 # offset basis
+    prime u32 := 16777619

-	for key |byte| {
-		product u64 :: u64(hash xor u32(byte)) * prime
-		hash = u32(product & u64(maxval!(u32)))
-	}
+    for key |byte| {
+        product u64 :: u64(hash xor u32(byte)) * prime
+        hash = u32(product & u64(maxval!(u32)))
+    }

-	return usize(hash)
+    return usize(hash)
 }

-hide str_eql func(a, b []u8) bool {
-	return mem.eql(a, b)
-}
+@hide
+str_eql proc(a, b []u8) bool { return mem.eql(a, b) }
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ import "@std/mem"
 import "@std/testing"

 handles_put_and_get test {
-	map StringHashMap(u32) = init(mem.c_allocator)
-	defer deinit(&map)
+    map StringHashMap(u32) := init(mem.c_allocator)
+    defer deinit(&map)

-	try put(&map, "key", 42)
-	value :: get(&map, "key")
+    try put(&map, "key", 42)
+    value :: get(&map, "key")

-	try testing.expect_type(?u32, value)
-	try testing.expect_equal(42, value?)
+    try testing.expect_type(?u32, value)
+    try testing.expect_equal(42, value?)
 }
@@ -1,144 +1,124 @@
 import "@ffi/c"

 File :: struct {
-	io Io
-	handle Handle
+    io Io
+    handle Handle
 }

 FileMode :: enum {
-	read_only
-	write_only
-	read_write
+    read_only
+    write_only
+    read_write
 }

 OpenError :: enum {
-	open_failed
+    open_failed
 }

 CloseError :: enum {
-	close_failed
+    close_failed
 }

-open func(io Io, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) File ! OpenError {
-	handle Handle :: io.vtable.open(io.context, path, mode) catch |err| {
-		return err
-	}
-	return File {io = io, handle = handle}
+open proc(io Io, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) File ! OpenError {
+    handle Handle :: try io.vtable.open(io.context, path, mode)
+    return File{ io = io, handle = handle }
 }

-close func(file File) void ! CloseError {
-	try file.io.vtable.close(file.io.context, file.handle)
+close proc(file File) void ! CloseError {
+    try file.io.vtable.close(file.io.context, file.handle)
 }

-reader func(file File) Reader {
-	return Reader {
-		context = file.io.context,
-		handle = file.handle,
-		read = file.io.vtable.read,
-	}
+reader proc(file File) Reader {
+    return Reader {
+        context = file.io.context,
+        handle = file.handle,
+        read = file.io.vtable.read,
+    }
 }

-writer func(file File) Writer {
-	return Writer {
-		context = file.io.context,
-		handle = file.handle,
-		write = file.io.vtable.write,
-	}
+writer proc(file File) Writer {
+    return Writer {
+        context = file.io.context,
+        handle = file.handle,
+        write = file.io.vtable.write,
+    }
 }

-hide system_read func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError {
-	request usize = buffer.len
-	maximum usize :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
-	if request > maximum {
-		request = maximum
-	}
-	while true {
-		count c_long :: c.read(handle.file_desc, buffer.ptr, c_ulong(request))
-		if count >= 0 {
-			return usize(count)
-		}
-		errno c_int :: c.__error()?^
-		if errno == c.EINTR {
-			continue
-		}
-		if errno == c.EBADF {
-			return .not_open_for_reading
-		}
-		return .read_failed
-	}
+@hide system_read proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError {
+    request := buffer.len
+    maximum usize :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
+    if (request > maximum) request = maximum
+
+    while true {
+        count c_long :: c.read(handle.file_desc, buffer.ptr, c_ulong(request))
+        if (count >= 0) return usize(count)
+
+        errno c_int :: c.__error()?^
+        if (errno == c.EINTR) continue
+        if (errno == c.EBADF) return .not_open_for_reading
+        return .read_failed
+    }
 }

-hide system_write func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError {
-	request usize = bytes.len
-	maximum usize :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
-	if request > maximum {
-		request = maximum
-	}
-	while true {
-		count c_long :: c.write(handle.file_desc, bytes.ptr, c_ulong(request))
-		if count >= 0 {
-			return usize(count)
-		}
-		errno c_int :: c.__error()?^
-		if errno == c.EINTR {
-			continue
-		}
-		if errno == c.EBADF {
-			return .not_open_for_writing
-		}
-		return .write_failed
-	}
+@hide system_write proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError {
+    request := bytes.len
+    maximum usize :: usize(maxval!(c_long))
+    if (request > maximum) request = maximum
+
+    while true {
+        count c_long :: c.write(handle.file_desc, bytes.ptr, c_ulong(request))
+        if (count >= 0) return usize(count)
+
+        errno c_int :: c.__error()?^
+        if (errno == c.EINTR) continue
+        if (errno == c.EBADF) return .not_open_for_writing
+        return .write_failed
+    }
 }

-hide system_open func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) Handle ! OpenError {
-	flags c_int = c.O_RDONLY
-	match mode {
-		.read_only: flags = c.O_RDONLY
-		.write_only: flags = c.O_WRONLY
-		.read_write: flags = c.O_RDWR
-	}
-	while true {
-		fd c_int :: c.open(ptrcast!(c_char, path.ptr), flags)
-		if fd >= 0 {
-			return Handle {file_desc = fd}
-		}
-		if c.__error()?^ != c.EINTR {
-			return .open_failed
-		}
-	}
+@hide system_open proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) Handle ! OpenError {
+    flags := c.O_RDONLY
+    match mode {
+        .read_only: flags = c.O_RDONLY
+        .write_only: flags = c.O_WRONLY
+        .read_write: flags = c.O_RDWR
+    }
+    while true {
+        fd c_int :: c.open(ptrcast!(c_char, path.ptr), flags)
+        if (fd >= 0) return Handle{ file_desc = fd }
+        if (c.__error()?^ != c.EINTR) return .open_failed
+    }
 }

-hide system_close func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle) void ! CloseError {
-	if c.close(handle.file_desc) != 0 {
-		return .close_failed
-	}
+@hide system_close proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle) void ! CloseError {
+    if (c.close(handle.file_desc) != 0) return .close_failed
 }

-hide system_stdin func(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
-	return Handle {file_desc = c_int(Stream.stdin)}
+@hide system_stdin proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
+    return Handle{ file_desc = c_int(Stream.stdin) }
 }

-hide system_stdout func(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
-	return Handle {file_desc = c_int(Stream.stdout)}
+@hide system_stdout proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
+    return Handle{ file_desc = c_int(Stream.stdout) }
 }

-hide system_stderr func(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
-	return Handle {file_desc = c_int(Stream.stderr)}
+@hide system_stderr proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque) Handle {
+    return Handle{ file_desc = c_int(Stream.stderr) }
 }

-hide system_vtable IoVTable :: IoVTable {
-	read = system_read,
-	write = system_write,
-	open = system_open,
-	close = system_close,
-	stdin = system_stdin,
-	stdout = system_stdout,
-	stderr = system_stderr,
+@hide system_vtable IoVTable :: IoVTable {
+    read = system_read,
+    write = system_write,
+    open = system_open,
+    close = system_close,
+    stdin = system_stdin,
+    stdout = system_stdout,
+    stderr = system_stderr,
 }

-hide system func() Io {
-	return Io {
-		context = none,
-		vtable = &system_vtable,
-	}
+@hide system proc() Io {
+    return Io {
+        context = null,
+        vtable = &system_vtable,
+    }
 }
@@ -2,406 +2,459 @@ import "@ffi/c"
 import "@std/meta"

 ReadError :: enum {
-	not_open_for_reading
-	read_failed
+    not_open_for_reading
+    read_failed
 }

 WriteError :: enum {
-	not_open_for_writing
-	write_failed
-	no_progress
+    not_open_for_writing
+    write_failed
+    no_progress
 }

 Handle :: union {
-	file_desc c_int
-	ptr @mut anyopaque
+    file_desc c_int
+    ptr @mut anyopaque
 }

 Stream :: enum(c_int) {
-	stdin = c.STDIN_FILENO
-	stdout = c.STDOUT_FILENO
-	stderr = c.STDERR_FILENO
+    stdin = c.STDIN_FILENO
+    stdout = c.STDOUT_FILENO
+    stderr = c.STDERR_FILENO
 }

 Io :: struct {
-	context ?@mut anyopaque
-	vtable @IoVTable
+    context ?@mut anyopaque
+    vtable @IoVTable
 }

 IoVTable :: struct {
-	read @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError
-	write @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError
-	open @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) Handle ! OpenError
-	close @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle) void ! CloseError
-	stdin @func(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
-	stdout @func(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
-	stderr @func(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
+    read @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError
+    write @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError
+    open @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, path [;0]u8, mode FileMode) Handle ! OpenError
+    close @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle) void ! CloseError
+    stdin @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
+    stdout @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
+    stderr @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque) Handle
 }

 Reader :: struct {
-	context ?@mut anyopaque
-	handle Handle
-	read @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError
+    context ?@mut anyopaque
+    handle Handle
+    read @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError
 }

 Writer :: struct {
-	context ?@mut anyopaque
-	handle Handle
-	write @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError
+    context ?@mut anyopaque
+    handle Handle
+    write @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, handle Handle, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError
 }

-read func(input Reader, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError {
-	if buffer.len == 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	count usize :: try input.read(input.context, input.handle, buffer)
-	if count > buffer.len {
-		return .read_failed
-	}
-	return count
+read proc(input Reader, buffer []mut u8) usize ! ReadError {
+    if (buffer.len == 0) return 0
+
+    count usize :: try input.read(input.context, input.handle, buffer)
+    if (count > buffer.len) return .read_failed
+
+    return count
 }

-write func(output Writer, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError {
-	if bytes.len == 0 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	count usize :: try output.write(output.context, output.handle, bytes)
-	if count > bytes.len {
-		return .write_failed
-	}
-	return count
+write proc(output Writer, bytes []u8) usize ! WriteError {
+    if (bytes.len == 0) return 0
+
+    count usize :: try output.write(output.context, output.handle, bytes)
+    if (count > bytes.len) return .write_failed
+
+    return count
 }

-write_all func(output Writer, bytes []u8) void ! WriteError {
-	offset usize = 0
-	while offset < bytes.len {
-		count usize :: write(output, bytes[offset..]) catch |err| {
-			return err
-		}
-		if count == 0 {
-			return .no_progress
-		}
-		offset += count
-	}
-	return
+write_all proc(output Writer, bytes []u8) void ! WriteError {
+    offset usize := 0
+    while offset < bytes.len {
+        count usize :: try write(output, bytes[offset..])
+        if (count == 0) return .no_progress
+        offset += count
+    }
 }

-stdin func(io Io) Reader {
-	return Reader {
-		context = io.context,
-		handle = io.vtable.stdin(io.context),
-		read = io.vtable.read,
-	}
+stdin proc(io Io) Reader {
+    return Reader {
+        context = io.context,
+        handle = io.vtable.stdin(io.context),
+        read = io.vtable.read,
+    }
 }

-stdout func(io Io) Writer {
-	return Writer {
-		context = io.context,
-		handle = io.vtable.stdout(io.context),
-		write = io.vtable.write,
-	}
+stdout proc(io Io) Writer {
+    return Writer {
+        context = io.context,
+        handle = io.vtable.stdout(io.context),
+        write = io.vtable.write,
+    }
 }

-stderr func(io Io) Writer {
-	return Writer {
-		context = io.context,
-		handle = io.vtable.stderr(io.context),
-		write = io.vtable.write,
-	}
+stderr proc(io Io) Writer {
+    return Writer {
+        context = io.context,
+        handle = io.vtable.stderr(io.context),
+        write = io.vtable.write,
+    }
 }

-print func(output Writer, $format []u8, $Args type, args Args) void ! WriteError {
-	expand for parse_format(format.len, format, Args) |token| {
-		match token.kind {
-			.unused: break
-			.literal: try write_all(output, format[token.start..token.end])
-			.string: try write_all(output, field!(args, token.field))
-			.default: try write_default(output, field!(args, token.field))
-			.decimal: try write_decimal(output, field!(args, token.field))
-			.binary: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 2, false)
-			.octal: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 8, false)
-			.hex_lower: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 16, false)
-			.hex_upper: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 16, true)
-			.character: try write_character(output, field!(args, token.field))
-			else: try write_float(output, field!(args, token.field), true)
-		}
-	}
+print proc(output Writer, $format []u8, $Args type, args Args) void ! WriteError {
+    inline for parse_format(format.len, format, Args) |token| {
+        match token.kind {
+            .unused: break
+            .literal: try write_all(output, format[token.start..token.end])
+            .string: try write_all(output, field!(args, token.field))
+            .default: try write_default(output, field!(args, token.field))
+            .decimal: try write_decimal(output, field!(args, token.field))
+            .binary: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 2, false)
+            .octal: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 8, false)
+            .hex_lower: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 16, false)
+            .hex_upper: try write_integer(output, field!(args, token.field), 16, true)
+            .character: try write_character(output, field!(args, token.field))
+            else: try write_float(output, field!(args, token.field), true)
+        }
+    }
 }

-hide write_integer_signed func(output Writer, value i64, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
-	buffer [65]mut u8 = undefined
-	end usize = buffer.len
-	current i64 = value
-	while true {
-		digit_value i64 :: rem!(current, i64(base))
-		digit u8 = 0
-		if digit_value < 0 {
-			digit = u8(-digit_value)
-		} else {
-			digit = u8(digit_value)
-		}
-		end -= 1
-		if digit < 10 {
-			buffer[end] = '0' + digit
-		} else if uppercase {
-			buffer[end] = 'A' + digit - 10
-		} else {
-			buffer[end] = 'a' + digit - 10
-		}
-		current = divtrunc!(current, i64(base))
-		if current == 0 {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	if value < 0 {
-		end -= 1
-		buffer[end] = '-'
-	}
-	try write_all(output, buffer[end..])
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_integer_signed proc(output Writer, value i64, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
+    buffer [65]mut u8 := undefined
+    end := buffer.len
+    current := value
+
+    while true {
+        digit_value i64 :: rem!(current, i64(base))
+        digit := if (digit_value < 0)
+            u8(-digit_value)
+        else
+            u8(digit_value)
+
+        end -= 1
+        buffer[end] = if (digit < 10)
+            '0' + digit
+        else if (uppercase)
+            'A' + digit - 10
+        else
+            'a' + digit - 10
+
+        current = divtrunc!(current, i64(base))
+        if (current == 0) break
+    }
+
+    if value < 0 {
+        end -= 1
+        buffer[end] = '-'
+    }
+    try write_all(output, buffer[end..])
 }

-hide write_integer_unsigned func(output Writer, value u64, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
-	buffer [65]mut u8 = undefined
-	end usize = buffer.len
-	current u64 = value
-	while true {
-		digit u8 :: u8(rem!(current, base))
-		end -= 1
-		if digit < 10 {
-			buffer[end] = '0' + digit
-		} else if uppercase {
-			buffer[end] = 'A' + digit - 10
-		} else {
-			buffer[end] = 'a' + digit - 10
-		}
-		current = divtrunc!(current, base)
-		if current == 0 {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	try write_all(output, buffer[end..])
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_integer_unsigned proc(output Writer, value u64, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
+    buffer [65]mut u8 := undefined
+    end := buffer.len
+    current := value
+
+    while true {
+        digit u8 :: u8(rem!(current, base))
+
+        end -= 1
+        buffer[end] = if (digit < 10)
+            '0' + digit
+        else if (uppercase)
+            'A' + digit - 10
+        else
+            'a' + digit - 10
+
+        current = divtrunc!(current, base)
+        if (current == 0) break
+    }
+
+    try write_all(output, buffer[end..])
 }

-hide FormatTokenKind :: enum {
-	unused
-	literal
-	default
-	string
-	decimal
-	binary
-	octal
-	hex_lower
-	hex_upper
-	character
-	scientific
+@hide:file
+FormatTokenKind :: enum {
+    unused
+    literal
+    default
+    string
+    decimal
+    binary
+    octal
+    hex_lower
+    hex_upper
+    character
+    scientific
 }

-hide FormatToken :: struct {
-	kind FormatTokenKind
-	start usize
-	end usize
-	field []u8
+@hide:file
+FormatToken :: struct {
+    kind FormatTokenKind
+    start usize
+    end usize
+    field []u8
 }

-hide parse_format func($N usize, $format []u8, $Args type) [N]mut FormatToken {
-	tokens [N]mut FormatToken = undefined
-	for (usize(0))..format.len |index| {
-		tokens[index] = FormatToken {kind = .unused, start = 0, end = 0, field = ""}
-	}
-	field_count usize = 0
-	match typeinfo!(Args) {
-		.record |record|: {
-			if !record.is_tuple {
-				compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
-			}
-			field_count = record.fields.len
-		}
-		else: compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
-	}
+@hide:file
+parse_format proc($N usize, $format []u8, $Args type) [N]mut FormatToken {
+    tokens [N]mut FormatToken := undefined
+    for (usize(0))..format.len |index| {
+        tokens[index] = FormatToken{ kind = .unused, start = 0, end = 0, field = "" }
+    }

-	token_count usize = 0
-	argument_count usize = 0
-	literal_start usize = 0
-	cursor usize = 0
-	while cursor < format.len {
-		byte :: format[cursor]
-		if byte == '{' {
-			if cursor + 1 >= format.len {
-				compile_error!("io.print format has an unmatched '{'")
-			}
-			if cursor > literal_start {
-				tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {kind = .literal, start = literal_start, end = cursor, field = ""}
-				token_count += 1
-			}
-			next :: format[cursor + 1]
-			if next == '{' {
-				tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {kind = .literal, start = cursor, end = cursor + 1, field = ""}
-				token_count += 1
-				cursor += 2
-				literal_start = cursor
-				continue
-			}
-			kind FormatTokenKind = .default
-			width usize = 2
-			if next != '}' {
-				if cursor + 2 >= format.len or format[cursor + 2] != '}' {
-					compile_error!("io.print format expects a one-character specifier")
-				}
-				width = 3
-				if next == 's' {
-					kind = .string
-				} else if next == 'd' {
-					kind = .decimal
-				} else if next == 'b' {
-					kind = .binary
-				} else if next == 'o' {
-					kind = .octal
-				} else if next == 'x' {
-					kind = .hex_lower
-				} else if next == 'X' {
-					kind = .hex_upper
-				} else if next == 'c' {
-					kind = .character
-				} else if next == 'e' {
-					kind = .scientific
-				} else {
-					compile_error!("io.print format has an unknown specifier")
-				}
-			}
-			if argument_count >= field_count {
-				compile_error!("io.print format argument count does not match the tuple")
-			}
-			tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {
-				kind = kind,
-				start = 0,
-				end = 0,
-				field = format_field_name(Args, argument_count),
-			}
-			token_count += 1
-			argument_count += 1
-			cursor += width
-			literal_start = cursor
-			continue
-		}
-		if byte == '}' {
-			if cursor + 1 >= format.len or format[cursor + 1] != '}' {
-				compile_error!("io.print format has an unmatched '}'")
-			}
-			if cursor > literal_start {
-				tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {kind = .literal, start = literal_start, end = cursor, field = ""}
-				token_count += 1
-			}
-			tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {kind = .literal, start = cursor, end = cursor + 1, field = ""}
-			token_count += 1
-			cursor += 2
-			literal_start = cursor
-			continue
-		}
-		cursor += 1
-	}
-	if literal_start < format.len {
-		tokens[token_count] = FormatToken {kind = .literal, start = literal_start, end = format.len, field = ""}
-	}
-	if argument_count != field_count {
-		compile_error!("io.print format argument count does not match the tuple")
-	}
-	return tokens
+    field_count := 0
+    match typeinfo!(Args) {
+        .record |r|: {
+            if (!r.is_tuple) compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
+            field_count = r.fields.len
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
+    }
+
+    token_count := 0
+    argument_count := 0
+    literal_start := 0
+    cursor := 0
+    while cursor < format.len {
+        byte :: format[cursor]
+        if byte == '{' {
+            if cursor + 1 >= format.len {
+                compile_error!("io.print format has an unmatched '{'")
+            }
+            if cursor > literal_start {
+                tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+                    kind = .literal,
+                    start = literal_start,
+                    end = cursor,
+                    field = "",
+                }
+                token_count += 1
+            }
+            next :: format[cursor + 1]
+            if next == '{' {
+                tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+                    kind = .literal,
+                    start = cursor,
+                    end = cursor + 1,
+                    field = "",
+                }
+                token_count += 1
+                cursor += 2
+                literal_start = cursor
+                continue
+            }
+
+            kind FormatTokenKind := .default
+            width := 2
+            if next != '}' {
+                if cursor + 2 >= format.len or format[cursor + 2] != '}' {
+                    compile_error!("io.print format expects a one-character specifier")
+                }
+
+                width = 3
+                if (next == 's') kind = .string
+                else if (next == 'd') kind = .decimal
+                else if (next == 'b') kind = .binary
+                else if (next == 'o') kind = .octal
+                else if (next == 'x') kind = .hex_lower
+                else if (next == 'X') kind = .hex_upper
+                else if (next == 'c') kind = .character
+                else if (next == 'e') kind = .scientific
+                else compile_error!("io.print format has an unknown specifier")
+            }
+
+            if argument_count >= field_count {
+                compile_error!("io.print format argument count does not match the tuple")
+            }
+
+            tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+                kind = kind,
+                start = 0,
+                end = 0,
+                field = format_field_name(Args, argument_count),
+            }
+
+            token_count += 1
+            argument_count += 1
+            cursor += width
+            literal_start = cursor
+            continue
+        }
+
+        if byte == '}' {
+            if cursor + 1 >= format.len or format[cursor + 1] != '}' {
+                compile_error!("io.print format has an unmatched '}'")
+            }
+            if cursor > literal_start {
+                tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+                    kind = .literal,
+                    start = literal_start,
+                    end = cursor,
+                    field = "",
+                }
+                token_count += 1
+            }
+            tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+                kind = .literal,
+                start = cursor,
+                end = cursor + 1,
+                field = "",
+            }
+            token_count += 1
+            cursor += 2
+            literal_start = cursor
+            continue
+        }
+        cursor += 1
+    }
+
+    if literal_start < format.len {
+        tokens[token_count] = FormatToken{
+            kind = .literal,
+             start = literal_start,
+            end = format.len,
+            field = "",
+        }
+    }
+
+    if argument_count != field_count {
+        compile_error!("io.print format argument count does not match the tuple")
+    }
+    return tokens
 }

-hide format_field_name func($T type, index usize) []u8 {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.record |record|: return record.fields[index].name
-		else: compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
-	}
+@hide:file
+format_field_name proc($T type, index usize) []u8 {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .record |r|: return r.fields[index].name
+        else: compile_error!("io.print arguments must be a tuple")
+    }
 }

-hide write_integer func(output Writer, $T type, value T, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.integer: if minval!(T) < 0 {
-			try write_integer_signed(output, i64(value), base, uppercase)
-		} else {
-			try write_integer_unsigned(output, u64(value), base, uppercase)
-		}
-		else: compile_error!("io.print integer format requires an integer argument")
-	}
-	return
+@hide:file
+distinct_value proc($Backing, $Distinct type, value Distinct) Backing {
+    return ptrcast!(Backing, &value)^
+}
+
+@hide:file
+scalar_or_distinct_type proc($T type) bool {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .bool: return true
+        .integer: return true
+        .float: return true
+        .distinct: return true
+        else: return false
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+write_integer proc(output Writer, $T type, value T, base u64, uppercase bool) void ! WriteError {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .integer: if minval!(T) < 0 {
+            try write_integer_signed(output, i64(value), base, uppercase)
+        } else {
+            try write_integer_unsigned(output, u64(value), base, uppercase)
+        }
+        .distinct |backing|: if scalar_or_distinct_type(backing) {
+            try write_integer(output, distinct_value(backing, T, value), base, uppercase)
+        } else {
+            compile_error!("io.print integer format requires an integer argument")
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print integer format requires an integer argument")
+    }
 }

 # note: libc keeps float formatting small; replace it with a native shortest-roundtrip writer if locale independence matters.
-hide write_float func(output Writer, $T type, value T, scientific bool) void ! WriteError {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.float: {
-			buffer [64]mut u8 = undefined
-			count c_int = 0
-			if sizeof!(T) == 4 {
-				if scientific {
-					count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.8e", value)
-				} else {
-					count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.9g", value)
-				}
-			} else if scientific {
-				count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.16e", value)
-			} else {
-				count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.17g", value)
-			}
-			if count < 0 or usize(count) >= buffer.len {
-				return .write_failed
-			}
-			try write_all(output, buffer[0..usize(count)])
-		}
-		else: compile_error!("io.print float format requires a float argument")
-	}
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_float proc(output Writer, $T type, value T, scientific bool) void ! WriteError {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .float: {
+            buffer [64]mut u8 := undefined
+            count := 0
+            if sizeof!(T) == 4 {
+                if (scientific) count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.8e", value)
+                else count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.9g", value)
+            } else if scientific {
+                count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.16e", value)
+            } else {
+                count = c.snprintf(ptrcast!(c_char, (&buffer).ptr), c_ulong(buffer.len), "%.17g", value)
+            }
+            if (count < 0 or usize(count) >= buffer.len) return .write_failed
+            try write_all(output, buffer[0..usize(count)])
+        }
+        .distinct |backing|: if scalar_or_distinct_type(backing) {
+            try write_float(output, distinct_value(backing, T, value), scientific)
+        } else {
+            compile_error!("io.print float format requires a float argument")
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print float format requires a float argument")
+    }
 }

-hide write_decimal func(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.integer: try write_integer(output, value, 10, false)
-		.float: try write_float(output, value, false)
-		else: compile_error!("io.print '{d}' requires an integer or float argument")
-	}
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_decimal proc(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .integer: try write_integer(output, value, 10, false)
+        .float: try write_float(output, value, false)
+        .distinct |backing|: if scalar_or_distinct_type(backing) {
+            try write_decimal(output, distinct_value(backing, T, value))
+        } else {
+            compile_error!("io.print '{d}' requires an integer or float argument")
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print '{d}' requires an integer or float argument")
+    }
 }

-hide write_character func(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.integer: {
-			if minval!(T) < 0 or maxval!(T) > 255 {
-				compile_error!("io.print '{c}' requires an unsigned integer that fits in u8")
-			}
-			buffer [1]u8 = [u8(value)]
-			try write_all(output, buffer[..])
-		}
-		else: compile_error!("io.print '{c}' requires an unsigned integer that fits in u8")
-	}
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_character proc(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .integer: {
+            if minval!(T) < 0 or maxval!(T) > 255 {
+                compile_error!("io.print '{c}' requires an unsigned integer that fits in u8")
+            }
+            buffer [1]u8 := [u8(value)]
+            try write_all(output, buffer[..])
+        }
+        .distinct |backing|: if scalar_or_distinct_type(backing) {
+            try write_character(output, distinct_value(backing, T, value))
+        } else {
+            compile_error!("io.print '{c}' requires an unsigned integer that fits in u8")
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print '{c}' requires an unsigned integer that fits in u8")
+    }
 }

-hide write_default func(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
-	match typeinfo!(T) {
-		.bool: if value {
-			try write_all(output, "true")
-		} else {
-			try write_all(output, "false")
-		}
-		.integer: try write_integer(output, value, 10, false)
-		.float: try write_float(output, value, false)
-		.array: try write_all(output, value)
-		.pointer: try write_all(output, value)
-		.slice: try write_all(output, value)
-		.enum |enum_info|: {
-			expand for enum_info.fields |field| {
-				if value == field!(T, field.name) {
-					try write_all(output, ".")
-					try write_all(output, field.name)
-					return
-				}
-			}
-			return .write_failed
-		}
-		else: compile_error!("io.print '{}' does not support this argument type")
-	}
-	return
+@hide:file
+write_default proc(output Writer, $T type, value T) void ! WriteError {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .bool: if value {
+            try write_all(output, "true")
+        } else {
+            try write_all(output, "false")
+        }
+        .integer: try write_integer(output, value, 10, false)
+        .float: try write_float(output, value, false)
+        .array: try write_all(output, value)
+        .pointer: try write_all(output, value)
+        .slice: try write_all(output, value)
+        .enum |enum_info|: {
+            inline for enum_info.fields |field| {
+                if value == field!(T, field.name) {
+                    try write_all(output, ".")
+                    try write_all(output, field.name)
+                    return
+                }
+            }
+            return .write_failed
+        }
+        .distinct |backing|: if scalar_or_distinct_type(backing) {
+            try write_default(output, distinct_value(backing, T, value))
+        } else {
+            compile_error!("io.print '{}' does not support this argument type")
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("io.print '{}' does not support this argument type")
+    }
 }
@@ -1,212 +1,202 @@
 import "@ffi/c"

 AllocError :: enum {
-	out_of_memory
+    out_of_memory
 }

 Allocator :: struct {
-	context ?@mut anyopaque
-	vtable @AllocatorVTable
+    context ?@mut anyopaque
+    vtable @AllocatorVTable
 }

 AllocatorVTable :: struct {
-	alloc @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8
-	realloc @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, old_size usize, new_size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8
-	free @func(context ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, size usize, alignment usize) void
+    alloc @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8
+    realloc @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, old_size usize, new_size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8
+    free @proc(context ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, size usize, alignment usize) void
 }

-raw_alloc func(allocator Allocator, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
-	return allocator.vtable.alloc(allocator.context, size, alignment)
+raw_alloc proc(allocator Allocator, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
+    return allocator.vtable.alloc(allocator.context, size, alignment)
 }

-raw_realloc func(allocator Allocator, memory ?*mut u8, old_size usize, new_size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
-	return allocator.vtable.realloc(allocator.context, memory, old_size, new_size, alignment)
+raw_realloc proc(allocator Allocator, memory ?*mut u8, old_size usize, new_size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
+    return allocator.vtable.realloc(allocator.context, memory, old_size, new_size, alignment)
 }

-raw_free func(allocator Allocator, memory ?*mut u8, size usize, alignment usize) void {
-	allocator.vtable.free(allocator.context, memory, size, alignment)
+raw_free proc(allocator Allocator, memory ?*mut u8, size usize, alignment usize) void {
+    allocator.vtable.free(allocator.context, memory, size, alignment)
 }

-eql func($T type, left, right []T) bool {
-	if left.len != right.len {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	i usize = 0
-	while i < left.len : i += 1 {
-		if left[i] != right[i] {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
+eql proc($T type, left, right []T) bool {
+    if (left.len != right.len) return false
+    for (0..left.len) |i| if (left[i] != right[i]) {
+        return false
+    }
+    return true
 }

-# allocate memory for a slice of type `T` with `count` elements.
-alloc func($T type, allocator Allocator, count usize) []mut T ! AllocError {
-	if count == 0 {
-		return empty_slice(T, 0)
-	}
+#! allocate memory for a slice of type `T` with `count` elements.
+alloc proc($T type, allocator Allocator, count usize) []mut T ! AllocError {
+    if (count == 0) return empty_slice(T, 0)

-	element_size usize :: sizeof!(T)
-	if element_size == 0 {
-		return empty_slice(T, count)
-	}
-	if count > divtrunc!(maxval!(usize), element_size) {
-		return .out_of_memory
-	}
+    element_size usize :: sizeof!(T)
+    if (element_size == 0) return empty_slice(T, count)

-	memory ?*mut u8 = raw_alloc(allocator, count * element_size, alignof!(T))
-	if memory |bytes| {
-		pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, bytes)
-		return pointer[..count]
-	}
-	return .out_of_memory
+    if count > divtrunc!(maxval!(usize), element_size) {
+        return .out_of_memory
+    }
+
+    memory := raw_alloc(allocator, count * element_size, alignof!(T))
+    if memory |bytes| {
+        pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, bytes)
+        return pointer[..count]
+    }
+
+    return .out_of_memory
 }

-# reallocate memory for a slice of type `T` with `new_count` elements.
-# reallocating with `new_count == 0` will free the memory and return an empty slice.
-# note: memory must be reallocated with the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
-realloc func($T type, allocator Allocator, memory []mut T, new_count usize) []mut T ! AllocError {
-	if new_count == memory.len {
-		return memory
-	}
+#! reallocate memory for a slice of type `T` with `new_count` elements.
+#! reallocating with `new_count == 0` will free the memory and return an empty slice.
+#! note: memory must be reallocated with the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
+realloc proc($T type, allocator Allocator, memory []mut T, new_count usize) []mut T ! AllocError {
+    if new_count == memory.len {
+        return memory
+    }

-	if new_count == 0 {
-		free(allocator, memory)
-		return empty_slice(T, 0)
-	}
+    if new_count == 0 {
+        free(allocator, memory)
+        return empty_slice(T, 0)
+    }

-	element_size usize :: sizeof!(T)
-	if element_size == 0 {
-		return empty_slice(T, new_count)
-	}
-	if new_count > divtrunc!(maxval!(usize), element_size) {
-		return .out_of_memory
-	}
+    element_size usize :: sizeof!(T)
+    if (element_size == 0) return empty_slice(T, new_count)
+    if (new_count > divtrunc!(maxval!(usize), element_size)) return .out_of_memory

-	old_memory ?*mut u8 = none
-	old_size usize = 0
-	if memory.len != 0 {
-		old_memory = ptrcast!(u8, memory.ptr)
-		old_size = memory.len * element_size
-	}
-	resized ?*mut u8 = raw_realloc(
-		allocator,
-		old_memory,
-		old_size,
-		new_count * element_size,
-		alignof!(T),
-	)
-	if resized |bytes| {
-		pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, bytes)
-		return pointer[..new_count]
-	}
+    old_memory ?*mut u8 := null
+    old_size := 0
+    if memory.len != 0 {
+        old_memory = ptrcast!(u8, memory.ptr)
+        old_size = memory.len * element_size
+    }

-	return .out_of_memory
+    resized := raw_realloc(
+        allocator,
+        old_memory,
+        old_size,
+        new_count * element_size,
+        alignof!(T),
+    )
+
+    if resized |bytes| {
+        pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, bytes)
+        return pointer[..new_count]
+    }
+
+    return .out_of_memory
 }

-# free memory allocated for a slice of type `T`.
-# note: memory must be freed with the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
-free func($T type, allocator Allocator, memory []mut T) void {
-	if memory.len != 0 and sizeof!(T) != 0 {
-		raw_free(allocator, ptrcast!(u8, memory.ptr), memory.len * sizeof!(T), alignof!(T))
-	}
+#! free memory allocated for a slice of type `T`.
+#! note: memory must be freed with the same allocator that was used to allocate it.
+free proc($T type, allocator Allocator, memory []T) void {
+    if (memory.len == 0 or sizeof!(T) == 0) return
+    raw_free(allocator, ptrcast!(
+        u8,
+        constcast!(memory).ptr),
+        memory.len * sizeof!(T),
+        alignof!(T),
+    )
 }

-# get an empty slice of type `T` with `count` elements.
-empty_slice func($T type, count usize) []mut T {
-	pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, (&empty_storage).ptr)
-	return pointer[..count]
+#! create a slice backed by `empty_storage` without allocating.
+#! precondition: `count` must be 0 or `sizeof!(T)` must be 0; otherwise the slice
+#! exceeds its backing storage.
+@hide:file
+empty_slice proc($T type, count usize) []mut T {
+    pointer *mut T :: ptrcast!(T, (&empty_storage).ptr)
+    return pointer[..count]
 }

-# get an empty slice of type `T` with 0 elements.
-empty func($T type) []mut T {
-	return empty_slice(T, 0)
+#! get an empty slice of type `T` with 0 elements.
+empty proc($T type) []mut T {
+    return empty_slice(T, 0)
 }

-hide empty_storage [1]mut u64 = [0]
+@hide
+empty_storage [1]mut u64 := [0]

-hide malloc_alignment usize :: 16 # ponytail: aarch64-macos libc malloc alignment assumption.
+@hide
+malloc_alignment usize :: 16 # note: aarch64-macos libc malloc alignment assumption.

-hide power_of_two func(value usize) bool {
-	if value == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	current usize = value
-	while current > 1 {
-		half usize = divtrunc!(current, 2)
-		if half * 2 != current {
-			return false
-		}
-		current = half
-	}
-
-	return true
+@hide:file
+power_of_two proc(value usize) bool {
+    if (value == 0) return false
+    current := value
+    while current > 1 {
+        half := divtrunc!(current, 2)
+        if (half * 2 != current) return false
+        current = half
+    }
+    return true
 }

-hide c_alloc func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
-	if power_of_two(alignment) == false {
-		return none
-	}
+@hide:file
+c_alloc proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
+    if (power_of_two(alignment) == false) return null
+    if (alignment <= malloc_alignment) return ptrcast!(u8, c.malloc(c_ulong(size)))

-	if alignment <= malloc_alignment {
-		return ptrcast!(u8, c.malloc(c_ulong(size)))
-	}
+    memory [1]mut ?*mut anyopaque := [null]
+    status := c.posix_memalign((&memory).ptr, c_ulong(alignment), c_ulong(size))
+    if (status != 0) return null

-	memory [1]mut ?*mut anyopaque = [none]
-	status c_int = c.posix_memalign((&memory).ptr, c_ulong(alignment), c_ulong(size))
-	if status != 0 {
-		return none
-	}
-
-	return ptrcast!(u8, memory[0])
+    return ptrcast!(u8, memory[0])
 }

-hide c_realloc func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, old_size usize, new_size usize, alignment usize) ?*mut u8 {
-	if power_of_two(alignment) == false {
-		return none
-	}
+@hide:file
+c_realloc proc(
+    _ ?@mut anyopaque,
+    memory ?*mut u8,
+    old_size usize,
+    new_size usize,
+    alignment usize,
+) ?*mut u8 {
+    if (power_of_two(alignment) == false) return null

-	if new_size == 0 {
-		c.free(memory)
-		return none
-	}
+    if new_size == 0 {
+        c.free(memory)
+        return null
+    }

-	if memory |old_memory| {
-		if alignment <= malloc_alignment {
-			return ptrcast!(u8, c.realloc(old_memory, c_ulong(new_size)))
-		}
+    if memory |old_memory| {
+        if alignment <= malloc_alignment {
+            return ptrcast!(u8, c.realloc(old_memory, c_ulong(new_size)))
+        }

-		new_memory ?*mut u8 = c_alloc(none, new_size, alignment)
-		if new_memory |new_bytes| {
-			copy_size usize = old_size
-			if new_size < copy_size {
-				copy_size = new_size
-			}
-			i usize = 0
-			while i < copy_size : i += 1 {
-				new_bytes[i] = old_memory[i]
-			}
-			c.free(old_memory)
-		}
-		return new_memory
-	}
+        new_memory := c_alloc(null, new_size, alignment)
+        if new_memory |new_bytes| {
+            copy_size := old_size
+            if (new_size < copy_size) copy_size = new_size
+            memcopy!(new_bytes[..copy_size], old_memory[..copy_size])
+            c.free(old_memory)
+        }
+        return new_memory
+    }

-	return c_alloc(none, new_size, alignment)
+    return c_alloc(null, new_size, alignment)
 }

-hide c_free func(_ ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, _ usize, _ usize) void {
-	c.free(memory)
+@hide:file
+c_free proc(_ ?@mut anyopaque, memory ?*mut u8, _ usize, _ usize) void {
+    c.free(memory)
 }

-hide c_vtable AllocatorVTable :: AllocatorVTable {
-	alloc = c_alloc,
-	realloc = c_realloc,
-	free = c_free,
+@hide:file
+c_vtable AllocatorVTable :: AllocatorVTable {
+    alloc = c_alloc,
+    realloc = c_realloc,
+    free = c_free,
 }

 c_allocator Allocator :: Allocator {
-	context = none,
-	vtable = &c_vtable,
+    context = null,
+    vtable = &c_vtable,
 }
@@ -1,41 +1,61 @@
-Layout :: enum {
-	auto
-	c
+Layout :: enum { auto, c }
+
+ArrayInfo :: struct {
+    child type
+    len usize
 }

 FieldInfo :: struct {
-	name []u8
-	type type
-	index usize
+    name []u8
+    type type
+    index usize
 }

 RecordInfo :: struct {
-	name ?[]u8
-	fields []FieldInfo
-	is_tuple bool
-	layout Layout
+    name ?[]u8
+    fields []FieldInfo
+    is_tuple bool
+    layout Layout
 }

 EnumInfo :: struct {
-	fields []FieldInfo
+    fields []FieldInfo
 }

 TypeInfo :: union(enum) {
-	invalid void
-	void void
-	anyopaque void
-	bool void
-	integer void
-	float void
-	array void
-	pointer void
-	slice void
-	range void
-	optional void
-	function void
-	enum EnumInfo
-	record RecordInfo
-	union void
-	fallible void
-	distinct void
+    invalid void
+    void void
+    noreturn void
+    anyopaque void
+    bool void
+    integer void
+    float void
+    array ArrayInfo
+    pointer void
+    slice void
+    range void
+    optional void
+    function void
+    enum EnumInfo
+    record RecordInfo
+    union void
+    fallible void
+    distinct type
+}
+
+EnumFieldStruct proc($E, $Field type, $default ?Field) type {
+    match typeinfo!(E) {
+        .enum |info|: {
+            names [info.fields.len]mut []u8 := undefined
+            field_types [info.fields.len]mut type := undefined
+            defaults [info.fields.len]mut ?Field := undefined
+            inline for info.fields |field, index| {
+                names[index] = field.name
+                field_types[index] = Field
+                defaults[index] = default
+            }
+            return struct_type!(.auto, names, field_types, defaults)
+        }
+        else: compile_error!("EnumFieldStruct key must be an enum")
+    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import "@std/testing"
+
+TestTokenKind :: enum(u8) {
+    ident = 3
+    int = 8
+    eof = 21
+}
+
+TestNames :: alias EnumFieldStruct(TestTokenKind, ?[]u8, some!(null))
+TestArrayAlias :: alias [3]u16
+TestInner :: distinct u16
+TestOuter :: distinct TestInner
+TestOuterAlias :: alias TestOuter
+
+@hide
+array_info_matches proc($Array, $Child type, $len usize) bool {
+    return match typeinfo!(Array) {
+        .array |info|: info.child == Child and info.len == len
+        else: false
+    }
+}
+
+@hide
+distinct_info_matches proc($Distinct, $Backing type) bool {
+    return match typeinfo!(Distinct) {
+        .distinct |backing|: backing == Backing
+        else: false
+    }
+}
+
+array_reflection_exposes_child_and_logical_length test {
+    try testing.expect($(array_info_matches([4]i32, i32, 4)))
+    try testing.expect($(array_info_matches([0]bool, bool, 0)))
+    try testing.expect($(array_info_matches(TestArrayAlias, u16, 3)))
+    try testing.expect($(array_info_matches([2]mut i64, i64, 2)))
+    try testing.expect($(array_info_matches([2;0]u8, u8, 2)))
+}
+
+distinct_reflection_exposes_immediate_backing test {
+    try testing.expect($(distinct_info_matches(TestInner, u16)))
+    try testing.expect($(distinct_info_matches(TestOuter, TestInner)))
+    try testing.expect($(distinct_info_matches(TestOuterAlias, TestInner)))
+}
+
+enum_field_struct_defaults test {
+    names TestNames := {
+        ident = "identifier",
+        int = "integer",
+    }
+
+    if (field!(names, "ident")) |value|
+        try testing.expect(value.len == 10)
+    else
+        try testing.expect(false)
+
+    if (field!(names, "int")) |value|
+        try testing.expect(value.len == 7)
+    else
+        try testing.expect(false)
+
+    if (field!(names, "eof")) |_| try testing.expect(false)
+
+    empty TestNames := {}
+    if (field!(empty, "ident")) |_| try testing.expect(false)
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import "@std/io"

 Init :: struct {
-	io io.Io
+    io io.Io
 }
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 import "io"
+import "enums/enummap"
+import "hashmap"
 import "arraylist"
+import "strmap"

 Io :: alias io.Io
+EnumMap :: alias enummap.EnumMap
 ArrayList :: alias arraylist.ArrayList
+StringHashMap :: alias hashmap.StringHashMap
+StringMap :: alias strmap.StringMap
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+import "@std/mem"
+
+StringMap proc($V type) type {
+    return struct {
+        keys [][]u8
+        values []V
+        len_indexes []u32
+        min_len u32
+        max_len u32
+    }
+}
+
+@hide:file
+Pair proc($V type) type {
+    return struct { []u8, V }
+}
+
+#! initializes a static string map from a list of key-value pairs (constructed at compile-time).
+init proc($V type, $N usize, $entries [N]Pair(V)) StringMap(V) {
+    if N > usize(maxval!(u32)) {
+        compile_error!("static string map has too many entries")
+    }
+
+    keys [N]mut []u8 := undefined
+    values [N]mut V := undefined
+
+    # assert no duplicate keys
+    for entries |entry, i| {
+        if entry.0.len > usize(maxval!(u32)) {
+            compile_error!("static string map key is too long")
+        }
+
+        for (0..i) |prior| if mem.eql(u8, entry.0, entries[prior].0) {
+            compile_error!("duplicate static string map key")
+        }
+
+        keys[i] = entry.0
+        values[i] = entry.1
+    }
+
+    if N == 0 {
+        len_indexes [0]u32 := undefined
+        return StringMap(V){
+            keys = keys[..],
+            values = values[..],
+            len_indexes = len_indexes[..],
+            min_len = 0,
+            max_len = 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    # fixme: insertion sort is compile-time O(N²); replace if large maps affect builds
+    for 1..N |i| {
+        key :: keys[i]
+        value :: values[i]
+        j := i
+        while j > 0 and keys[j - 1].len > key.len : j -= 1 {
+            keys[j] = keys[j - 1]
+            values[j] = values[j - 1]
+        }
+        keys[j] = key
+        values[j] = value
+    }
+
+    min_len u32 :: u32(keys[0].len)
+    max_len u32 :: u32(keys[N - 1].len)
+    len_indexes [usize(max_len) + 1]mut u32 := undefined
+    entry_index usize := 0
+    for 0..=usize(max_len) |length| {
+        while entry_index < N and keys[entry_index].len < length : entry_index += 1 {}
+        len_indexes[length] = u32(entry_index)
+    }
+
+    return StringMap(V) {
+        keys = keys[..],
+        values = values[..],
+        len_indexes = len_indexes[..],
+        min_len = min_len,
+        max_len = max_len,
+    }
+}
+
+get proc($V type, map @StringMap(V), key []u8) ?V {
+    if (map.keys.len == 0 or key.len > maxval!(u32)) return null
+
+    length := u32(key.len)
+    if (length < map.min_len or length > map.max_len) return null
+
+    idx := usize(map.len_indexes[usize(length)])
+    while idx < map.keys.len : idx += 1 {
+        candidate :: map.keys[idx]
+        if (candidate.len != key.len) return null # key not found
+        if mem.eql(u8, candidate, key) return map.values[idx]
+    }
+    return null
+}
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# todo
@@ -1,42 +1,85 @@
 import "@std/debug"
+import "@std/mem"

 Error :: enum {
-	expectation_failed
+    expectation_failed
 }

 SourceLocation :: struct {
-	file   []u8
-	line   usize
-	column usize
+    file []u8
+    line usize
+    column usize
 }

-expect func(condition bool, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
-	if !condition {
-		debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expectation failed\n", {location.file, location.line, location.column})
-		return .expectation_failed
-	}
+expect proc(condition bool, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
+    if !condition {
+        debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expectation failed\n", {
+            location.file,
+            location.line,
+            location.column,
+        })
+        return .expectation_failed
+    }
 }

-expect_equal func($T type, expected, actual T, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
-	if expected != actual {
-		debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expected {}, found {}\n", {location.file, location.line, location.column, expected, actual})
-		return .expectation_failed
-	}
+expect_equal proc($T type, expected, actual T, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
+    match typeinfo!(T) {
+        .optional: {
+            if expected |expected_value| {
+                if actual |actual_value| {
+                    try expect_equal(expected_value, actual_value, location)
+                    return
+                }
+                debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expected an optional value, found null\n", {
+                    location.file,
+                    location.line,
+                    location.column,
+                })
+                return .expectation_failed
+            }
+            if actual |_| {
+                debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expected null, found an optional value\n", {
+                    location.file,
+                    location.line,
+                    location.column,
+                })
+                return .expectation_failed
+            }
+        }
+        .slice: if !mem.eql(expected, actual) {
+            debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expected and actual slices differ\n", {
+                location.file,
+                location.line,
+                location.column,
+            })
+            return .expectation_failed
+        }
+        else: if expected != actual {
+            debug.print("{s}:{d}:{d}: expected {}, found {}\n", {
+                location.file,
+                location.line,
+                location.column,
+                expected,
+                actual,
+            })
+            return .expectation_failed
+        }
+    }
 }

-expect_type func($Expected, $Actual type, _ Actual, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
-	try expect($(Expected == Actual), location)
+expect_type proc($Expected, $Actual type, _ Actual, location SourceLocation) void ! Error {
+    try expect($(Expected == Actual), location)
 }

-run func(name []u8, callback *func() void ! Error) bool {
-	callback() catch |_| {
-		debug.print("{s} [failed]\n", {name,})
-		return false
-	}
-	debug.print("{s} [ok]\n", {name,})
-	return true
+run proc(name []u8, callback *proc() void ! Error) bool {
+    callback() catch |_| {
+        debug.print("{s} ... [\x1b[91mfailed\x1b[0m]\n", {name})
+        return false
+    }
+    debug.print("{s} ... [\x1b[92mok\x1b[0m]\n", {name})
+    return true
 }

-summary func(passed, failed i32) void {
-	debug.print("{d} passed, {d} failed\n", {passed, failed})
+summary proc(passed, failed i32) void {
+    debug.print("{d} passed, {d} failed\n", {passed, failed})
 }
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
hl-valdemar	cfd668b729	parse func decls	2026-08-16 00:50:11 +02:00
hl-valdemar	518037e7b7	cleanup on isle 4	2026-08-12 22:52:04 +02:00
hl-valdemar	753609f916	improve ast printing	2026-08-12 22:49:18 +02:00
hl-valdemar	7fa761d3f0	add parser test for unary prefix expressions	2026-08-12 22:21:15 +02:00
hl-valdemar	8fbf137c6d	parse unary prefix and postfix expressions	2026-08-12 22:18:55 +02:00
hl-valdemar	a384949ddf	hide parser utility functions	2026-08-11 22:42:28 +02:00
hl-valdemar	4f142b72f2	improve std/mem doc comments	2026-08-11 22:40:44 +02:00
hl-valdemar	101795c0b8	cleanup (isle 6 again?)	2026-08-11 22:14:21 +02:00
hl-valdemar	8dd06afde2	parse arithmetic binary expressions	2026-08-11 21:24:00 +02:00
hl-valdemar	891dc6516e	align with new `@hide` syntax	2026-08-10 23:20:52 +02:00
hl-valdemar	8de7ec341e	cleanup on isle 6	2026-08-09 23:35:55 +02:00
hl-valdemar	6293c93c3c	basic ast renderer	2026-08-09 23:26:41 +02:00
hl-valdemar	425ce38011	lexer refactor	2026-08-08 22:56:04 +02:00
hl-valdemar	410246faee	migrate to new mutable decl syntax	2026-08-05 22:09:21 +02:00
hl-valdemar	1689c4db3c	lexer touchups	2026-08-05 22:07:55 +02:00
hl-valdemar	a2ccf60eb1	move ast definitions into its own package	2026-08-03 08:40:15 +02:00
hl-valdemar	939043dd8b	refactor parse decl impl	2026-08-02 22:52:55 +02:00
hl-valdemar	469415a5b4	general decl parsing	2026-08-02 22:32:17 +02:00
hl-valdemar	a0ba0865ff	remove outdated todo	2026-08-02 21:17:09 +02:00
hl-valdemar	7616b4dcff	align on `inline` (as opposed to `expand`)	2026-08-02 21:14:30 +02:00
hl-valdemar	d693711a59	minor cleanup	2026-08-02 20:59:10 +02:00
hl-valdemar	90c7195d4b	parse const decls	2026-08-02 20:51:39 +02:00
hl-valdemar	c7f527e3c3	minor refactoring	2026-07-25 00:24:16 +02:00
hl-valdemar	ad54a00893	refactor and func -> proc rename	2026-07-25 00:03:54 +02:00
hl-valdemar	0338e35e75	checkpoint	2026-07-23 10:56:53 +02:00
hl-valdemar	a4e6f96951	static string map	2026-07-23 09:42:00 +02:00
hl-valdemar	41c326c961	fiddling with presentation	2026-07-22 02:58:25 +02:00
hl-valdemar	cbccf03648	fix doc comments	2026-07-22 02:54:40 +02:00
hl-valdemar	596183b9a0	string pool	2026-07-22 02:42:25 +02:00
hl-valdemar	1d719c6a42	allow freeing immutable allocations	2026-07-22 01:10:33 +02:00
hl-valdemar	77696e19c9	rename none to null	2026-07-22 00:49:05 +02:00
hl-valdemar	979a8e5f07	update stdlib memory and reflection helpers	2026-07-22 00:47:48 +02:00
hl-valdemar	c1225f4ac2	stdlib enum map	2026-07-20 15:51:32 +02:00