feat: reload clean buffers and guard external-change writes

src/editor.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use std::fs::{self, OpenOptions};
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
 use std::ops::Range;
 #[cfg(unix)]
-use std::os::unix::fs::OpenOptionsExt;
+use std::os::unix::fs::{MetadataExt, OpenOptionsExt};
 use std::path::{Component, Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
@@ -694,6 +694,14 @@ core_actions![
         true,
     ),
     ("core.save", Action::Save, &[Mode::Normal], true),
+    (
+        "core.force_save",
+        Action::ForceSave,
+        &[Mode::Normal],
+        true,
+        false,
+        true
+    ),
     ("core.diff", Action::Diff, &[Mode::Normal], true),
     (
         "core.word_wrap.toggle",
@@ -734,6 +742,14 @@ core_actions![
         &[Mode::Normal],
         true
     ),
+    (
+        "core.force_save_and_quit",
+        Action::ForceSaveAndQuit,
+        &[Mode::Normal],
+        true,
+        false,
+        true
+    ),
     ("core.plugins", Action::Plugins, &[Mode::Normal], true),
     ("core.edit", Action::Edit, &[Mode::Normal], true, true),
     ("core.buffers", Action::Buffers, &[Mode::Normal], true),
@@ -769,9 +785,11 @@ core_actions![
 // Alias targets stay typed; canonical spelling comes from the action catalog.
 const COMMAND_ALIASES: &[(&str, Action)] = &[
     ("w", Action::Save),
+    ("w!", Action::ForceSave),
     ("q", Action::Quit),
     ("q!", Action::ForceQuit),
     ("wq", Action::SaveAndQuit),
+    ("wq!", Action::ForceSaveAndQuit),
     ("bnext", Action::BufferNext),
     ("bprev", Action::BufferPrevious),
     ("bdelete", Action::BufferDelete),
@@ -833,7 +851,9 @@ impl Action {
                 | Self::PasteSystemAfter
                 | Self::Newline
                 | Self::Save
+                | Self::ForceSave
                 | Self::SaveAndQuit
+                | Self::ForceSaveAndQuit
                 | Self::BufferDelete
                 | Self::BufferForceDelete
                 | Self::LspCompletion
@@ -1285,6 +1305,19 @@ impl ViewState {
         self.search_match = None;
         self.visual_motions = None;
     }
+
+    fn reload(&mut self, lines: &[String]) {
+        self.clamp(lines);
+        self.insert_start = (self.mode == Mode::Insert).then(|| Snapshot {
+            lines: lines.to_vec(),
+            targets: self.targets.clone(),
+            primary: self.primary,
+        });
+        self.pending_edit = (self.mode == Mode::Insert).then(|| EditRecipe {
+            start: EditStart::Insert(Action::Insert),
+            steps: Vec::new(),
+        });
+    }
 }
 
 struct Pane {
@@ -1313,6 +1346,41 @@ impl Tab {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
+struct FileStamp {
+    modified: std::time::SystemTime,
+    len: u64,
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    identity: (u64, u64, i64, i64),
+}
+
+impl FileStamp {
+    fn from_metadata(metadata: &fs::Metadata) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        if !metadata.is_file() {
+            return Err(io::Error::other("File is not a regular file"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            modified: metadata.modified()?,
+            len: metadata.len(),
+            #[cfg(unix)]
+            identity: (
+                metadata.dev(),
+                metadata.ino(),
+                metadata.ctime(),
+                metadata.ctime_nsec(),
+            ),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn read(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Option<Self>> {
+        match fs::metadata(path) {
+            Ok(metadata) => Self::from_metadata(&metadata).map(Some),
+            Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(None),
+            Err(error) => Err(error),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct Buffer {
     id: usize,
     diff_snapshot: Option<(u64, usize, Focus)>,
@@ -1320,6 +1388,8 @@ struct Buffer {
     snapshot_root: Option<PathBuf>,
     lines: Vec<String>,
     saved_lines: Vec<String>,
+    disk_stamp: Option<FileStamp>,
+    reload_error: Option<String>,
     text_revision: u64,
     save_revision: u64,
     diagnostics: BTreeMap<String, AnnotationSet>,
@@ -1339,9 +1409,15 @@ impl Buffer {
         identity: Option<PathBuf>,
         allow_missing: bool,
     ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let mut disk_stamp = None;
         let text = match &path {
-            Some(path) => match fs::read_to_string(path) {
-                Ok(text) => text,
+            Some(path) => match fs::File::open(path) {
+                Ok(mut file) => {
+                    disk_stamp = Some(FileStamp::from_metadata(&file.metadata()?)?);
+                    let mut text = String::new();
+                    file.read_to_string(&mut text)?;
+                    text
+                }
                 Err(error) if allow_missing && error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {
                     String::new()
                 }
@@ -1349,7 +1425,7 @@ impl Buffer {
             },
             None => String::new(),
         };
-        Self::from_text(id, path, identity, &text)
+        Self::from_text(id, path, identity, &text, disk_stamp)
     }
 
     fn from_text(
@@ -1357,6 +1433,7 @@ impl Buffer {
         path: Option<PathBuf>,
         identity: Option<PathBuf>,
         text: &str,
+        disk_stamp: Option<FileStamp>,
     ) -> io::Result<Self> {
         validate_text(text).map_err(|error| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, error))?;
         let lines = split_lines(text);
@@ -1366,6 +1443,8 @@ impl Buffer {
             snapshot_document_path: None,
             snapshot_root: None,
             saved_lines: lines.clone(),
+            disk_stamp,
+            reload_error: None,
             lines,
             text_revision: 0,
             save_revision: 0,
@@ -1386,6 +1465,52 @@ impl Buffer {
         self.diff_snapshot.is_none() && self.lines != self.saved_lines
     }
 
+    fn refresh_file(&mut self) -> io::Result<bool> {
+        if self.diff_snapshot.is_some() || self.dirty() {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        let Some(path) = &self.path else {
+            return Ok(false);
+        };
+        let stamp = FileStamp::read(path)?;
+        if stamp == self.disk_stamp {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        let Some(stamp) = stamp else {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "File was removed"));
+        };
+        let mut file = fs::File::open(path)?;
+        if FileStamp::from_metadata(&file.metadata()?)? != stamp {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock,
+                "File changed while reloading",
+            ));
+        }
+        let mut text = String::new();
+        file.read_to_string(&mut text)?;
+        if FileStamp::from_metadata(&file.metadata()?)? != stamp {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock,
+                "File changed while reloading",
+            ));
+        }
+        validate_text(&text).map_err(|error| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, error))?;
+        self.disk_stamp = Some(stamp);
+        if normalize_newlines(&text)
+            .split('\n')
+            .eq(self.lines.iter().map(String::as_str))
+        {
+            return Ok(false);
+        }
+        self.lines = split_lines(&text);
+        self.saved_lines.clone_from(&self.lines);
+        self.undo.clear();
+        self.redo.clear();
+        self.text_changed();
+        self.view.reload(&self.lines);
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
     fn info(&self, active: bool) -> BufferInfo<'_> {
         BufferInfo {
             id: self.id,
@@ -3408,8 +3533,14 @@ impl Editor {
         if text.len() > MAX_EDIT_BYTES {
             return Err("Definition target exceeds 4 MiB".into());
         }
-        let buffer = Buffer::from_text(self.next_buffer_id, Some(path), Some(identity), &text)
-            .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+        let buffer = Buffer::from_text(
+            self.next_buffer_id,
+            Some(path),
+            Some(identity),
+            &text,
+            Some(FileStamp::from_metadata(&metadata).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?),
+        )
+        .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
         Ok((Some(buffer), self.next_buffer_id))
     }
 
@@ -5714,9 +5845,11 @@ impl Editor {
             | Action::TabClose
             | Action::TabForceClose
             | Action::Save
+            | Action::ForceSave
             | Action::Quit
             | Action::ForceQuit
             | Action::SaveAndQuit
+            | Action::ForceSaveAndQuit
             | Action::Plugins
             | Action::Edit
             | Action::Buffers
@@ -6592,12 +6725,16 @@ impl Editor {
                     args: String::new(),
                 });
             }
-            Action::Save | Action::SaveAndQuit => {
-                if self.save(if args.is_empty() {
-                    None
-                } else {
-                    Some(PathBuf::from(args))
-                }) && action == Action::SaveAndQuit
+            Action::Save | Action::ForceSave | Action::SaveAndQuit | Action::ForceSaveAndQuit => {
+                let force = matches!(action, Action::ForceSave | Action::ForceSaveAndQuit);
+                if self.save(
+                    if args.is_empty() {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(PathBuf::from(args))
+                    },
+                    force,
+                ) && matches!(action, Action::SaveAndQuit | Action::ForceSaveAndQuit)
                 {
                     if self.any_dirty() {
                         self.set_message("Unsaved changes in other buffers; use :w or :q!");
@@ -6729,7 +6866,57 @@ impl Editor {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn save(&mut self, path: Option<PathBuf>) -> bool {
+    /// Refreshes every live buffer, including views parked in inactive tabs.
+    pub(crate) fn refresh_files(&mut self) -> bool {
+        let active_id = self.active.id;
+        let mut changed = false;
+        let mut active_reloaded = false;
+        let mut notice = None;
+        for buffer in std::iter::once(&mut self.active).chain(self.parked.values_mut()) {
+            match buffer.refresh_file() {
+                Ok(reloaded) => {
+                    buffer.reload_error = None;
+                    if !reloaded {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    changed = true;
+                    active_reloaded |= buffer.id == active_id;
+                    for pane in self.panes.values_mut() {
+                        if let Some(view) = pane.views.get_mut(&buffer.id) {
+                            view.reload(&buffer.lines);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(error) => {
+                    let message = format!(
+                        "Reload failed for {}: {error}",
+                        buffer.path.as_deref().unwrap().display(),
+                    );
+                    if buffer.reload_error.as_ref() != Some(&message) {
+                        buffer.reload_error = Some(message.clone());
+                        notice = Some(message);
+                        changed = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if active_reloaded {
+            self.completion = None;
+            self.snippet = None;
+            self.clear_hover();
+            self.pending_lsp_navigation = None;
+            self.normalize_targets();
+        }
+        if let Some(notice) = notice {
+            self.set_message(notice);
+        }
+        if changed {
+            self.refresh_live_diff();
+        }
+        changed
+    }
+
+    fn save(&mut self, path: Option<PathBuf>, force: bool) -> bool {
         if self.mutation_blocked() {
             self.set_message("Diff pane is read-only");
             return false;
@@ -6756,10 +6943,19 @@ impl Editor {
             ));
             return false;
         }
-        match atomic_save(&path, &self.active.lines) {
-            Ok(()) => {
+        let expected = (!force
+            && (self.active.identity.as_ref() == Some(&identity)
+                || self.active.path.as_ref() == Some(&path)))
+        .then_some((
+            self.active.saved_lines.as_slice(),
+            self.active.disk_stamp.is_some(),
+        ));
+        match atomic_save(&path, &self.active.lines, expected) {
+            Ok(stamp) => {
                 self.active.saved_lines.clone_from(&self.active.lines);
                 self.active.save_revision = self.active.save_revision.wrapping_add(1);
+                self.active.disk_stamp = Some(stamp);
+                self.active.reload_error = None;
                 if self.active.path.as_ref() != Some(&path) {
                     self.active.semantic_tokens = None;
                 }
@@ -9406,8 +9602,38 @@ fn target_metadata(path: &Path) -> io::Result<Option<fs::Metadata>> {
     }
 }
 
-fn atomic_save(path: &Path, lines: &[String]) -> io::Result<()> {
+fn check_disk_contents(path: &Path, expected: Option<(&[String], bool)>) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let Some((lines, existed)) = expected else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
+    let matches = match fs::read_to_string(path) {
+        Ok(text) => {
+            existed
+                && normalize_newlines(&text)
+                    .split('\n')
+                    .eq(lines.iter().map(String::as_str))
+        }
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => !existed,
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::InvalidData => false,
+        Err(error) => return Err(error),
+    };
+    if matches {
+        Ok(())
+    } else {
+        Err(io::Error::new(
+            io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists,
+            "File changed outside vamp; use :w! to overwrite",
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+fn atomic_save(
+    path: &Path,
+    lines: &[String],
+    expected: Option<(&[String], bool)>,
+) -> io::Result<FileStamp> {
     let metadata = target_metadata(path)?;
+    check_disk_contents(path, expected)?;
     let parent = path
         .parent()
         .filter(|parent| !parent.as_os_str().is_empty())
@@ -9436,13 +9662,15 @@ fn atomic_save(path: &Path, lines: &[String]) -> io::Result<()> {
             file.set_permissions(metadata.permissions())?;
         }
         file.sync_all()?;
+        let stamp = FileStamp::from_metadata(&file.metadata()?)?;
         drop(file);
         // Recheck immediately before rename: never knowingly replace a symlink.
         target_metadata(path)?;
+        check_disk_contents(path, expected)?;
         fs::rename(&temporary, path)?;
         #[cfg(unix)]
         fs::File::open(parent)?.sync_all()?;
-        Ok(())
+        Ok(stamp)
     })();
     if result.is_err() {
         let _ = fs::remove_file(&temporary);
@@ -9490,6 +9718,176 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn external_reload_clamps_shared_views_and_restarts_clean_insert_history() {
+        let directory = Directory::new();
+        let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+        fs::write(&path, "one\ntwo\nthree").unwrap();
+        let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        editor
+            .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("old edit".into())])
+            .unwrap();
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+        type_text(&mut editor, "gb$");
+        editor.execute("tab.new");
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('|'));
+        let pane = editor.pane_id();
+        let revision = editor.text_revision();
+        fs::write(&path, "é").unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["é"]);
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
+        assert!(editor.text_revision() > revision);
+        assert_eq!(editor.cursor(), Cursor::default());
+        editor.handle(Input::Alt('h'));
+        assert_ne!(editor.pane_id(), pane);
+        assert_eq!(editor.cursor(), Cursor::default());
+        editor.execute("tab.previous");
+        assert_eq!(editor.cursor(), Cursor::default());
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('U'));
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["é"]);
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('i'));
+        fs::write(&path, "😀ZZ").unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.mode(), Mode::Insert);
+        type_text(&mut editor, "X");
+        editor.handle(Input::Escape);
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["😀ZZ"]);
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_dirty_writes_require_force_even_without_a_poll() {
+        for (normal, force, quits) in [
+            ("w", "w!", false),
+            ("save", "force_save", false),
+            ("wq", "wq!", true),
+            ("save_and_quit", "force_save_and_quit", true),
+        ] {
+            let directory = Directory::new();
+            let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+            fs::write(&path, "baseline").unwrap();
+            let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+            editor
+                .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("local edits".into())])
+                .unwrap();
+            fs::write(&path, "external").unwrap();
+            assert!(!editor.refresh_files());
+            editor.execute(normal);
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), "external");
+            assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["local edits"]);
+            assert!(editor.dirty());
+            assert!(!editor.should_quit());
+            assert!(editor.message().contains(":w!"));
+            editor.execute(force);
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), "local edits");
+            assert!(!editor.dirty());
+            assert_eq!(editor.should_quit(), quits);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_deletion_is_not_a_new_file_and_invalid_reload_preserves_text() {
+        let directory = Directory::new();
+        let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+        fs::write(&path, "").unwrap();
+        let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        fs::remove_file(&path).unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert!(!editor.refresh_files());
+        editor.execute("w");
+        assert!(!path.exists());
+        editor.execute("w!");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), "");
+        fs::write(&path, b"\xff").unwrap();
+        let revision = editor.text_revision();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.text_revision(), revision);
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), [""]);
+        editor.execute("wq");
+        assert!(!editor.should_quit());
+        assert_eq!(fs::read(&path).unwrap(), b"\xff");
+        fs::write(&path, "recovered\r\n").unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["recovered", ""]);
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
+        let missing = directory.path("new.txt");
+        let mut new = Editor::open(Some(missing.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        new.execute("w");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(missing).unwrap(), "");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_same_text_keeps_history_and_newline_normalization_allows_save() {
+        let directory = Directory::new();
+        let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+        fs::write(&path, "same\r\n").unwrap();
+        let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        editor
+            .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("old edit".into())])
+            .unwrap();
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+        let revision = editor.text_revision();
+        fs::write(&path, "same\n").unwrap();
+        assert!(!editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.text_revision(), revision);
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('U'));
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["old edit"]);
+        editor.execute("w");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap(), "old edit");
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn external_atomic_replacement_with_same_size_and_mtime_reloads() {
+        let directory = Directory::new();
+        let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+        let replacement = directory.path("replacement");
+        let fixed = std::time::UNIX_EPOCH + std::time::Duration::from_secs(123);
+        fs::write(&path, "before").unwrap();
+        fs::File::open(&path).unwrap().set_modified(fixed).unwrap();
+        let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        fs::write(&replacement, "after!").unwrap();
+        fs::File::open(&replacement)
+            .unwrap()
+            .set_modified(fixed)
+            .unwrap();
+        fs::rename(&replacement, &path).unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["after!"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn external_reload_refreshes_working_diff_but_not_historical_snapshots() {
+        let directory = Directory::new();
+        let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+        fs::write(&path, "disk").unwrap();
+        let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+        working_diff(&mut editor, &directory.0, &["file.txt"]);
+        fs::write(&path, "external working").unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(
+            editor.diff().unwrap().comparison.as_ref().unwrap().files[0].after,
+            ["external working"],
+        );
+        editor.execute("diff.close");
+        historical_diff(
+            &mut editor,
+            &directory.0,
+            vec!["before".into()],
+            vec!["after".into()],
+        );
+        let revision = editor.text_revision();
+        fs::write(&path, "new disk").unwrap();
+        assert!(editor.refresh_files());
+        assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["before"]);
+        assert_eq!(editor.text_revision(), revision);
+        editor.execute("w!");
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(path).unwrap(), "new disk");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn notification_escape_preserves_carets_then_ordinary_escape_collapses_them() {
         let mut editor = editor();
@@ -18788,16 +19186,16 @@ mod tests {
         editor
             .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("dirty b".into())])
             .unwrap();
-        editor.execute(&format!("w {}", directory.0.join("./a").display()));
-        assert!(editor.message().contains("belongs to buffer 1"));
-        assert_eq!(editor.path(), Some(b.as_path()));
-        assert!(editor.dirty());
-        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&a).unwrap(), "a");
-        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&b).unwrap(), "b");
-        assert_eq!(fs::read_dir(&directory.0).unwrap().count(), 2);
-        editor.execute(&format!("wq {}", a.display()));
-        assert!(!editor.should_quit());
-        assert!(editor.dirty());
+        for command in ["w", "w!", "wq", "wq!"] {
+            editor.execute(&format!("{command} {}", directory.0.join("./a").display()));
+            assert!(editor.message().contains("belongs to buffer 1"));
+            assert_eq!(editor.path(), Some(b.as_path()));
+            assert!(editor.dirty());
+            assert!(!editor.should_quit());
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&a).unwrap(), "a");
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&b).unwrap(), "b");
+            assert_eq!(fs::read_dir(&directory.0).unwrap().count(), 2);
+        }
         editor.execute(&format!("w {}", directory.0.join("./b").display()));
         assert!(!editor.dirty());
         assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&b).unwrap(), "dirty b");
@@ -18879,6 +19277,10 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(editor.dirty());
         assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), "changed externally");
         editor.execute(&format!("w {}", path.display()));
+        assert!(editor.dirty());
+        assert_eq!(editor.path(), Some(link.as_path()));
+        assert_eq!(fs::read_to_string(&path).unwrap(), "changed externally");
+        editor.execute(&format!("w! {}", path.display()));
         assert!(!editor.dirty());
         assert_eq!(editor.path(), Some(path.as_path()));
 
@@ -19107,7 +19509,6 @@ mod tests {
                 editor.handle(Input::Backspace);
             }
             type_text(&mut editor, "q!");
-            assert_eq!(editor.palette().unwrap().entries.len(), 1);
             assert!(!palette_entry(&editor, "core.force_quit").enabled);
             editor.handle(Input::Enter);
             assert!(!editor.should_quit());
@@ -20939,9 +21340,11 @@ mod tests {
         editor
             .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("not saved".into())])
             .unwrap();
-        editor.execute("wq");
-        assert!(editor.dirty());
-        assert!(!editor.should_quit());
+        for command in ["wq", "wq!"] {
+            editor.execute(command);
+            assert!(editor.dirty());
+            assert!(!editor.should_quit());
+        }
         assert!(
             fs::symlink_metadata(&link)
                 .unwrap()