diff --git a/docs/architecture.md b/docs/architecture.md
index 3c73fb9..aa495e2 100644
--- a/docs/architecture.md
+++ b/docs/architecture.md
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ The same cancellable worker collects normal-picker status for the startup projec
 
 Each buffer has a frontend-owned parser/tree cache. Unchanged revision/path skips comparison and parsing; unchanged text at a later revision also avoids parsing. Actual text changes produce a minimal UTF-8-safe byte edit with newline-aware Tree-sitter Points, edit the prior tree, then parse using that tree for incremental reuse. Grammar changes reset the tree, including TypeScript versus TSX despite their shared display name. Native highlight/local/injection queries resolve capture precedence and scoped definitions into nonoverlapping original-line spans; unchanged injected trees are reused. Buffer switching restores its cache, and closing retires it. Incomplete text and grammar ERROR nodes remain highlightable; genuine language/query/parser failures expose a status error and readable plain text. Full-tree highlight queries still run after incremental parsing—a deliberate ceiling to revisit if measured costly. There is no local semantic inference engine or runtime grammar download.
 
+Full-source syntax work is bounded to 1 MiB, with a maximum 64 KiB source line (UTF-8 bytes, including normalized line separators in the total). Oversized buffers retain language detection and an explicit plain-text status, but allocate no source copy, per-row spans, scopes, or parse tree. Crossing either budget releases existing parser/cache allocations; unchanged oversized revisions return immediately, and shrinking below both budgets resumes normal parsing. The same policy covers ordinary buffers, diff sources including their separately stored final newline, and text-only hover caches.
+
 Diff highlighting lazily owns two instances of the same syntax cache, keyed by the accepted comparison request ID and selected file. Before detects language from the old path when renamed; After uses the new path. Scrolling, focus changes, and explorer toggling reuse parsed spans without copying/reparsing snapshots. A fresh comparison identity prevents stale Working-checkout colors even when labels and paths are unchanged. Closing the view releases snapshot caches. Syntax styles patch foreground/modifiers over diff backgrounds; historical panes never receive live-buffer semantic tokens.
 
 Scope context is a lazily built row index over the existing primary/injected syntax trees, invalidated by source or grammar changes and warmed by diff updates. Ordinary buffer highlighting does not build it. The frontend's visual-row projection inserts inline/sticky scope labels in wrapped and unwrapped diffs; source alignment and excerpt ranges contain no label rows. Coloring, native selection/caret overlays, and source navigation skip these presentation rows. Before/After labels use their independent trees rather than live-workspace symbol analysis.
diff --git a/docs/development.md b/docs/development.md
index a14ce1b..e34fc8d 100644
--- a/docs/development.md
+++ b/docs/development.md
@@ -92,7 +92,10 @@ Diff styling checks cover independent snapshot language/shebang/injection detect
 
 ## Performance and process limits
 
-- Undo uses full-buffer snapshots and movement scans the current line. This favors straightforward correctness over large-file performance.
+- Retained undo/redo history stores only changed rows. Insert/replay/completion transactions still use temporary full-buffer snapshots, and undo/redo reconstructs the buffer. Ordinary single-line edits with one pane and no semantic overlay modify the line in place; multiline, multi-edit, shared-pane, and semantic-overlay batches retain the general whole-buffer path. Dirty-state comparisons are cached until text or the saved baseline changes. Movement and wrapping still scan the current line.
+- Syntax falls back to plain text above 1 MiB of source or a 64 KiB line, before source copies, tree construction, or per-row syntax allocations. The detected language and fallback reason remain visible; reducing the buffer below both budgets restores highlighting. These are optional syntax limits, not file-opening or editing limits.
+- Saves use buffered writes before flushing, syncing, and atomically replacing the destination. External-change checks remain independent of dirty-state caching. Large-file verification must include exact saved bytes and edit/undo/redo round-trips, not startup alone.
+- Blame and gutter snapshots are size-checked before joining buffer lines; files above their existing 16 MiB limits retain editing but have no annotations. Eligibility is cached with the source revision and recovers after shrinking.
 - Rapid-wheel verification must replay bursts against the running editor and measure arrival at the final viewport after input stops, not just individual frame duration. Cheap frames can still accumulate a visible backlog if each queued report requires its own redraw.
 - Keyboard viewport scrolling coalesces up to 64 consecutive inputs for the same resolved scroll action into one redraw. Reversals, changes between row/configured-step scrolling, and cursor motions end the batch so boundary clamping and caret reveal happen before the next action. Burst checks must include direction changes at the start/end of the buffer, not just throughput.
 - PTY throughput alone cannot prove terminal presentation stays smooth: capture the editor and terminal while the user reproduces a pause. Synchronized-output commands must not reach the terminal during frame computation, even when individual frames and queued-input catch-up appear fast.
diff --git a/docs/editing.md b/docs/editing.md
index 4d61ac5..3cc3832 100644
--- a/docs/editing.md
+++ b/docs/editing.md
@@ -590,6 +590,8 @@ config.bind "leader f", config.core.follow_link
 
 Buffers highlight automatically using [Tree-sitter](https://tree-sitter.github.io/tree-sitter/) and compiled-in grammar/query packages. The selected language set is Rust, Ruby, Python, JSON, Bash, Makefile, Markdown, JavaScript/JSX, TypeScript/TSX, HTML, CSS, YAML, TOML, C, C++, Go, Zig (`.zig`), and Honey (`.hon`). Detection uses filename/extension or the in-memory first-line shebang, including common special filenames such as Makefile, Gemfile, and Cargo.lock; no file reread occurs. Unsupported formats use the normal foreground. The detected language appears in status, and save-as redetects it.
 
+Files remain editable above the syntax budget: sources over 1 MiB, or with any line over 64 KiB, use plain text and show the reason in the language status. Syntax highlighting resumes automatically after shrinking below both limits. This avoids building a full parse tree for huge generated files; navigation, search, selections, undo/redo, and saving remain available.
+
 Colors retain the terminal palette: comments dark gray, strings green, keywords magenta, numbers yellow, types/markup cyan, and functions light blue. Grammar queries handle multiline/nested constructs, even when their opening is above the viewport. Markdown uses its inline grammar and named fenced-code injections; HTML script/style content uses JavaScript/CSS. Known tagged-template and raw-string injections use the same selected grammar registry; unknown injected languages retain host highlighting or plain text. Highlighting styles whole graphemes and expanded tab cells; partially clipped wide placeholders remain unchanged. Search, Visual selections, and secondary carets retain foreground/background precedence.
 
 Honey uses its bundled grammar and highlight queries, including declarations, primitive types, literals, and comments. Markdown fences accept `honey`, `honeylang`, or `hon`; the language ID is `honey`.
diff --git a/src/blame.rs b/src/blame.rs
index 4e7e98d..f6f622e 100644
--- a/src/blame.rs
+++ b/src/blame.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::{
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
-const LIMIT: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub(crate) const LIMIT: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 const TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
 static NEXT_TEMP: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
 type ResultFile = Result<Option<Vec<Option<Arc<LineBlame>>>>, String>;
diff --git a/src/editor.rs b/src/editor.rs
index 22786c7..6f6f074 100644
--- a/src/editor.rs
+++ b/src/editor.rs
@@ -295,6 +295,40 @@ struct Snapshot {
     primary: usize,
 }
 
+/// Retain only changed rows between undo groups, not another copy of the file.
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+struct HistoryEntry {
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    before: Snapshot,
+}
+
+impl HistoryEntry {
+    fn new(mut before: Snapshot, after: &[String]) -> Self {
+        let start = before
+            .lines
+            .iter()
+            .zip(after)
+            .take_while(|(a, b)| a == b)
+            .count();
+        let suffix = before.lines[start..]
+            .iter()
+            .rev()
+            .zip(after[start..].iter().rev())
+            .take_while(|(a, b)| a == b)
+            .count();
+        before.lines = before
+            .lines
+            .drain(start..before.lines.len() - suffix)
+            .collect();
+        Self {
+            start,
+            end: after.len() - suffix,
+            before,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct Edit<'a> {
     target: Option<usize>,
     start: usize,
@@ -1868,6 +1902,8 @@ struct Buffer {
     snapshot_root: Option<PathBuf>,
     lines: Vec<String>,
     saved_lines: Vec<String>,
+    // Invalidate whenever text or the saved baseline changes, including temporary swaps.
+    dirty_cache: Cell<Option<bool>>,
     disk_stamp: Option<FileStamp>,
     reload_error: Option<String>,
     text_revision: u64,
@@ -1878,9 +1914,8 @@ struct Buffer {
     view: ViewState,
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
     identity: Option<PathBuf>,
-    // ponytail: full-buffer history costs O(buffer size) per action; use edit deltas for large files.
-    undo: Vec<Snapshot>,
-    redo: Vec<Snapshot>,
+    undo: Vec<HistoryEntry>,
+    redo: Vec<HistoryEntry>,
 }
 
 impl Buffer {
@@ -1926,6 +1961,7 @@ impl Buffer {
             snapshot_document_path: None,
             snapshot_root: None,
             saved_lines: lines.clone(),
+            dirty_cache: Cell::new(Some(false)),
             disk_stamp,
             reload_error: None,
             lines,
@@ -1946,7 +1982,15 @@ impl Buffer {
     }
 
     fn dirty(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.resolver_readonly && self.diff_snapshot.is_none() && self.lines != self.saved_lines
+        if self.resolver_readonly || self.diff_snapshot.is_some() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if let Some(dirty) = self.dirty_cache.get() {
+            return dirty;
+        }
+        let dirty = self.lines != self.saved_lines;
+        self.dirty_cache.set(Some(dirty));
+        dirty
     }
 
     fn refresh_file(&mut self) -> io::Result<bool> {
@@ -1994,6 +2038,7 @@ impl Buffer {
         }
         self.replace_lines(split_lines(&text));
         self.saved_lines.clone_from(&self.lines);
+        self.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
         self.undo.clear();
         self.redo.clear();
         self.view.reload(&self.lines);
@@ -2029,12 +2074,17 @@ impl Buffer {
             if let Some(tokens) = &mut self.semantic_tokens {
                 retain_semantic_tokens(tokens, &self.lines, &lines);
             }
-            self.text_revision = self.text_revision.wrapping_add(1);
-            self.diagnostics.clear();
-            self.view.search_match = None;
+            self.text_changed();
         }
         std::mem::replace(&mut self.lines, lines)
     }
+
+    fn text_changed(&mut self) {
+        self.text_revision = self.text_revision.wrapping_add(1);
+        self.dirty_cache.set(None);
+        self.diagnostics.clear();
+        self.view.search_match = None;
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -2601,15 +2651,18 @@ impl Editor {
                             let seed = split_lines(projection.seed());
                             if buffer.lines != seed {
                                 let previous = buffer.replace_lines(seed);
-                                buffer.undo.push(Snapshot {
-                                    lines: previous,
-                                    targets: if buffer.view.targets.is_empty() {
-                                        vec![Target::caret(Cursor::default())]
-                                    } else {
-                                        buffer.view.targets.clone()
+                                buffer.undo.push(HistoryEntry::new(
+                                    Snapshot {
+                                        lines: previous,
+                                        targets: if buffer.view.targets.is_empty() {
+                                            vec![Target::caret(Cursor::default())]
+                                        } else {
+                                            buffer.view.targets.clone()
+                                        },
+                                        primary: buffer.view.primary,
                                     },
-                                    primary: buffer.view.primary,
-                                });
+                                    &buffer.lines,
+                                ));
                                 buffer.redo.clear();
                                 buffer.view.clamp(&buffer.lines);
                                 for pane in self.panes.values_mut() {
@@ -2675,12 +2728,14 @@ impl Editor {
                                     buffer.view.clamp(&buffer.lines);
                                 }
                                 buffer.saved_lines = saved;
+                                buffer.dirty_cache.set(None);
                                 buffer.identity = Some(target_path.clone());
                                 buffer.path = Some(target_path);
                                 buffer.resolver_readonly = false;
                             } else if !buffer.dirty() {
                                 buffer.replace_lines(vec!["Non-text resolution saved; reopen the file to inspect its current type.".into()]);
                                 buffer.saved_lines.clone_from(&buffer.lines);
+                                buffer.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
                                 buffer.path = None;
                                 buffer.identity = None;
                                 buffer.resolver_readonly = true;
@@ -2983,6 +3038,7 @@ impl Editor {
                 if buffer.lines != alternative {
                     buffer.replace_lines(alternative.clone());
                     buffer.saved_lines = alternative;
+                    buffer.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
                     buffer.view.clamp(&buffer.lines);
                     for pane in self.panes.values_mut() {
                         if let Some(view) = pane.views.get_mut(&alternative_buffer) {
@@ -5024,6 +5080,7 @@ impl Editor {
         buffer.snapshot_document_path = Some(document_path);
         buffer.snapshot_root = Some(root);
         buffer.lines = lines;
+        buffer.dirty_cache.set(None);
         buffer
     }
 
@@ -10028,6 +10085,7 @@ impl Editor {
         match atomic_save(&path, &self.active.lines, expected) {
             Ok(stamp) => {
                 self.active.saved_lines.clone_from(&self.active.lines);
+                self.active.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
                 self.active.save_revision = self.active.save_revision.wrapping_add(1);
                 self.active.disk_stamp = Some(stamp);
                 self.active.reload_error = None;
@@ -10063,7 +10121,9 @@ impl Editor {
     fn record(&mut self, before: Snapshot) {
         if before.lines != self.active.lines {
             self.active.view.search_match = None;
-            self.active.undo.push(before);
+            self.active
+                .undo
+                .push(HistoryEntry::new(before, &self.active.lines));
             self.active.redo.clear();
         }
     }
@@ -11369,6 +11429,7 @@ impl Editor {
         let linewise = self.active.view.linewise;
         let search_match = self.active.view.search_match;
         let revision = self.active.text_revision;
+        let dirty_cache = self.active.dirty_cache.get();
         let diagnostics = std::mem::take(&mut self.active.diagnostics);
         let semantic_tokens = self.active.semantic_tokens.clone();
         let mut restored = false;
@@ -11380,6 +11441,7 @@ impl Editor {
                     // Validate the entire replay first, then publish while the original
                     // document is restored, and only then commit the computed deletion.
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.lines, &mut before.lines);
+                    self.active.dirty_cache.set(None);
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.view.targets, &mut before.targets);
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.view.primary, &mut before.primary);
                     restored = true;
@@ -11389,6 +11451,7 @@ impl Editor {
                         shape,
                     )?;
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.lines, &mut before.lines);
+                    self.active.dirty_cache.set(None);
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.view.targets, &mut before.targets);
                     std::mem::swap(&mut self.active.view.primary, &mut before.primary);
                     restored = false;
@@ -11412,6 +11475,7 @@ impl Editor {
                     self.active.view.primary = before.primary;
                 }
                 self.active.text_revision = revision;
+                self.active.dirty_cache.set(dirty_cache);
                 self.active.diagnostics = diagnostics;
                 self.active.semantic_tokens = semantic_tokens;
                 self.active.view.mode = mode;
@@ -11677,13 +11741,35 @@ impl Editor {
         self.normalize_targets();
     }
 
+    fn restore_history(&mut self, entry: HistoryEntry) -> HistoryEntry {
+        let mut lines = self.active.lines.clone();
+        let end = entry.start + entry.before.lines.len();
+        let before = Snapshot {
+            lines: lines
+                .splice(entry.start..entry.end, entry.before.lines)
+                .collect(),
+            targets: self.active.view.targets.clone(),
+            primary: self.active.view.primary,
+        };
+        self.restore(Snapshot {
+            lines,
+            targets: entry.before.targets,
+            primary: entry.before.primary,
+        });
+        HistoryEntry {
+            start: entry.start,
+            end,
+            before,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn undo(&mut self) {
         if self.mutation_blocked() {
             return;
         }
         if let Some(before) = self.active.undo.pop() {
-            self.active.redo.push(self.snapshot());
-            self.restore(before);
+            let reverse = self.restore_history(before);
+            self.active.redo.push(reverse);
         } else {
             self.set_message("Nothing to undo");
         }
@@ -11694,8 +11780,8 @@ impl Editor {
             return;
         }
         if let Some(after) = self.active.redo.pop() {
-            self.active.undo.push(self.snapshot());
-            self.restore(after);
+            let reverse = self.restore_history(after);
+            self.active.undo.push(reverse);
         } else {
             self.set_message("Nothing to redo");
         }
@@ -11951,6 +12037,61 @@ impl Editor {
         if edits.is_empty() {
             return;
         }
+        // Ordinary typing/deletion can edit one line without copying the entire file.
+        // Snapshot previews, shared panes and semantic overlays use the general remapping path.
+        if original.is_none()
+            && edits.len() == 1
+            && self.panes.len() == 1
+            && self.active.semantic_tokens.is_none()
+            && !edits[0].text.contains('\n')
+        {
+            let edit = &edits[0];
+            let mut offsets = line_offsets(&self.active.lines);
+            let row = offsets
+                .partition_point(|offset| *offset <= edit.start)
+                .saturating_sub(1);
+            let start = edit.start - offsets[row];
+            let end = edit.end - offsets[row];
+            if end <= self.active.lines[row].len() {
+                let mut destinations: Vec<_> = self
+                    .active
+                    .view
+                    .targets
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|target| {
+                        (
+                            translate_edit_offset(
+                                cursor_offset(&self.active.lines, &offsets, target.active),
+                                true,
+                                std::iter::once(edit),
+                            ),
+                            true,
+                        )
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                if let Some(target) = edit.target {
+                    destinations[target] = (edit.start + edit.caret, edit.round_up);
+                }
+                if self.active.lines[row][start..end] != *edit.text {
+                    self.active.lines[row].replace_range(start..end, &edit.text);
+                    self.active.text_changed();
+                }
+                for offset in &mut offsets[row + 1..] {
+                    *offset = *offset - (end - start) + edit.text.len();
+                }
+                for (target, (byte, round_up)) in
+                    self.active.view.targets.iter_mut().zip(destinations)
+                {
+                    target.active = offset_cursor(&self.active.lines, &offsets, byte, round_up);
+                    target.anchor = target.active;
+                    target.preferred_columns = None;
+                }
+                if !preserve_targets {
+                    self.normalize_targets();
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        }
         edits.sort_by_key(|edit| (edit.start, edit.end));
         let mut unique: Vec<usize> = Vec::with_capacity(edits.len());
         for (index, edit) in edits.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -13115,7 +13256,7 @@ fn atomic_save(
         .parent()
         .filter(|parent| !parent.as_os_str().is_empty())
         .unwrap_or(Path::new("."));
-    let (temporary, mut file) = loop {
+    let (temporary, file) = loop {
         let id = TEMP_ID.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
         let temporary = parent.join(format!(".vamp-{}-{id}.tmp", std::process::id()));
         let mut options = OpenOptions::new();
@@ -13129,12 +13270,15 @@ fn atomic_save(
         }
     };
     let result = (|| {
+        let mut writer = io::BufWriter::new(&file);
         for (index, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
             if index > 0 {
-                file.write_all(b"\n")?;
+                writer.write_all(b"\n")?;
             }
-            file.write_all(line.as_bytes())?;
+            writer.write_all(line.as_bytes())?;
         }
+        writer.flush()?;
+        drop(writer);
         if let Some(metadata) = metadata {
             file.set_permissions(metadata.permissions())?;
         }
diff --git a/src/editor_review.rs b/src/editor_review.rs
index e133897..d6ac720 100644
--- a/src/editor_review.rs
+++ b/src/editor_review.rs
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ impl Editor {
                 .is_some_and(|binding| binding.owner == self.tab_id)
             {
                 buffer.saved_lines.clone_from(&buffer.lines);
+                buffer.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -268,6 +269,7 @@ impl Editor {
             }) {
                 buffer.review_buffer = None;
                 buffer.saved_lines.clone_from(&buffer.lines);
+                buffer.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
             }
         }
         self.autosave_local_review()?;
@@ -849,6 +851,7 @@ impl Editor {
                 self.active.lines = split_lines(text);
                 self.active.saved_lines.clone_from(&self.active.lines);
                 self.active.text_revision = self.active.text_revision.wrapping_add(1);
+                self.active.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
                 self.normalize_targets();
             }
         } else {
diff --git a/src/gutter.rs b/src/gutter.rs
index 247e0b8..8d26f7b 100644
--- a/src/gutter.rs
+++ b/src/gutter.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ use std::{
     thread::{self, JoinHandle},
 };
 
-const FILE_LIMIT: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub(crate) const FILE_LIMIT: usize = 16 * 1024 * 1024;
 const BATCH_LIMIT: usize = 64 * 1024 * 1024;
 const FILE_COUNT_LIMIT: usize = 1024;
 type Files = Vec<(usize, PathBuf, Arc<str>)>;
diff --git a/src/session.rs b/src/session.rs
index 84211d5..27d07e5 100644
--- a/src/session.rs
+++ b/src/session.rs
@@ -425,7 +425,18 @@ struct GutterSource {
     save_revision: u64,
     path: PathBuf,
     dirty: bool,
-    contents: Arc<str>,
+    contents: Option<Arc<str>>,
+}
+
+fn text_fits(lines: &[String], limit: usize) -> bool {
+    lines
+        .iter()
+        .try_fold(lines.len().saturating_sub(1), |bytes, line| {
+            bytes
+                .checked_add(line.len())
+                .filter(|bytes| *bytes <= limit)
+        })
+        .is_some()
 }
 
 /// Owns command eligibility and execution hosts together. Frontends can inspect
@@ -1479,8 +1490,11 @@ impl EditorSession {
                                 source.revision == document.revision && source.path == path
                             })
                             .map_or_else(
-                                || Arc::from(document.lines.join("\n")),
-                                |source| Arc::clone(&source.contents),
+                                || {
+                                    text_fits(document.lines, crate::gutter::FILE_LIMIT)
+                                        .then(|| Arc::from(document.lines.join("\n")))
+                                },
+                                |source| source.contents.clone(),
                             );
                         Some(GutterSource {
                             buffer: document.id,
@@ -1492,6 +1506,16 @@ impl EditorSession {
                         })
                     })
                     .collect();
+                for source in &self.gutter_sources {
+                    if source.contents.is_none() {
+                        self.editor.set_gutter_changes(
+                            source.buffer,
+                            source.revision,
+                            &source.path,
+                            Vec::new(),
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
             }
             self.gutter_request_id = self.gutter_request_id.wrapping_add(1);
             self.last_gutter_refresh = Some(now);
@@ -1508,12 +1532,12 @@ impl EditorSession {
                 .gutter_sources
                 .iter()
                 .filter(|_| line_gutter)
-                .map(|source| {
-                    (
+                .filter_map(|source| {
+                    Some((
                         source.buffer,
                         source.path.clone(),
-                        Arc::clone(&source.contents),
-                    )
+                        Arc::clone(source.contents.as_ref()?),
+                    ))
                 })
                 .collect();
             let picker = self.picker_source.as_ref().map(|root| {
@@ -1521,7 +1545,9 @@ impl EditorSession {
                     .gutter_sources
                     .iter()
                     .filter(|source| source.dirty)
-                    .map(|source| (source.path.clone(), Arc::clone(&source.contents)))
+                    .filter_map(|source| {
+                        Some((source.path.clone(), Arc::clone(source.contents.as_ref()?)))
+                    })
                     .collect();
                 (root.clone(), buffers)
             });
@@ -1624,7 +1650,9 @@ impl EditorSession {
             self.blame_request_id = self.blame_request_id.wrapping_add(1);
             self.blame_lines = None;
             changed |= self.editor.clear_line_blame();
-            if let Some(source) = &self.blame_source {
+            if let Some(source) = &self.blame_source
+                && text_fits(self.editor.lines(), crate::blame::LIMIT)
+            {
                 if self.blame_worker.is_none() {
                     self.blame_worker = BlameWorker::start().ok();
                 }
diff --git a/src/syntax.rs b/src/syntax.rs
index 6b2ec2a..a19555d 100644
--- a/src/syntax.rs
+++ b/src/syntax.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ pub(crate) const RUST_ID: &str = "rust";
 pub(crate) const RUBY_ID: &str = "ruby";
 pub(crate) const PYTHON_ID: &str = "python";
 
+// Full trees and their indexes are optional; editing remains available beyond these budgets.
+const MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+const MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES: usize = 64 * 1024;
+const SOURCE_BUDGET_NOTICE: &str = "source exceeds 1 MiB syntax budget";
+const LINE_BUDGET_NOTICE: &str = "line exceeds 64 KiB syntax budget";
+
 pub(crate) fn is_markdown_path(path: &Path) -> bool {
     languages::detect(Some(path), None).is_some_and(|syntax| syntax.name == "Markdown")
 }
@@ -69,6 +75,7 @@ pub struct SyntaxCache {
     path: Option<PathBuf>,
     final_newline: bool,
     syntax: Option<&'static LanguageSpec>,
+    budget_exceeded: Option<&'static str>,
     source: String,
     next_source: String,
     line_starts: Vec<usize>,
@@ -100,7 +107,34 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn update_text(&mut self, text: &str, path: &Path) {
-        if self.source == text
+        // Check lengths before equality, splitting into owned lines, or copying the source.
+        let budget_exceeded = if text.len() > MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES {
+            Some(SOURCE_BUDGET_NOTICE)
+        } else if text
+            .split('\n')
+            .any(|line| line.len() > MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES)
+        {
+            Some(LINE_BUDGET_NOTICE)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        if let Some(reason) = budget_exceeded {
+            let syntax = languages::detect(Some(path), None)
+                .or_else(|| languages::detect(None, Some(syntax_prefix(text))));
+            let language_changed = !same_language(self.syntax, syntax);
+            self.revision = None;
+            self.final_newline = false;
+            if self.path.as_deref() != Some(path) {
+                self.path = Some(path.to_path_buf());
+            }
+            self.syntax = syntax;
+            if self.budget_exceeded != Some(reason) || language_changed {
+                self.use_plain_text(reason);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if self.budget_exceeded.is_none()
+            && self.source == text
             && self.path.as_deref() == Some(path)
             && self.highlighted.iter().all(|highlighted| *highlighted)
         {
@@ -168,8 +202,11 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
         let path_changed = self.path.as_deref() != path;
         let revision_changed =
             self.revision != Some(revision) || self.final_newline != final_newline;
+        if self.budget_exceeded.is_some() && !path_changed && !revision_changed {
+            return;
+        }
         let syntax = if path_changed || revision_changed {
-            languages::detect(path, lines.first().map(String::as_str))
+            languages::detect(path, lines.first().map(|line| syntax_prefix(line)))
         } else {
             self.syntax
         };
@@ -181,12 +218,29 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
         }
         self.syntax = syntax;
 
+        let length = if revision_changed {
+            syntax_source_length(lines, final_newline)
+        } else if let Some(reason) = self.budget_exceeded {
+            Err(reason)
+        } else {
+            Ok(self.source.len())
+        };
+        let length = match length {
+            Ok(length) => length,
+            Err(reason) => {
+                if self.budget_exceeded != Some(reason) || language_changed {
+                    self.use_plain_text(reason);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+        };
+        if self.budget_exceeded.take().is_some() {
+            self.error = None;
+        }
+
         let mut edit = None;
         if revision_changed {
             self.next_source.clear();
-            let length = lines.iter().map(String::len).sum::<usize>()
-                + lines.len().saturating_sub(1)
-                + usize::from(final_newline);
             self.next_source.reserve(length);
             for (row, line) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
                 if row > 0 {
@@ -289,6 +343,27 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
         }
     }
 
+    fn use_plain_text(&mut self, reason: &'static str) {
+        // Drop parser arenas as well as source/span capacities when crossing the budget.
+        *self = Self {
+            revision: self.revision,
+            path: self.path.take(),
+            final_newline: self.final_newline,
+            syntax: self.syntax,
+            budget_exceeded: Some(reason),
+            error: self
+                .syntax
+                .map(|syntax| format!("{}: plain text ({reason})", syntax.name)),
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            parses: self.parses,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            incremental_parses: self.incremental_parses,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            injection_parses: self.injection_parses,
+            ..Self::default()
+        };
+    }
+
     /// Sorted, non-overlapping, end-exclusive ranges. Unclassified text uses the normal foreground.
     pub fn line(&self, row: usize) -> &[SyntaxSpan] {
         self.lines.get(row).map_or(&[], Vec::as_slice)
@@ -352,7 +427,7 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
         self.syntax.map(|syntax| syntax.name)
     }
 
-    /// Genuine grammar/query failures disable highlighting; ERROR nodes in user text do not.
+    /// Why highlighting is unavailable: a deliberate plain-text fallback or grammar/query failure.
     pub fn error(&self) -> Option<&str> {
         self.error.as_deref()
     }
@@ -546,6 +621,34 @@ impl SyntaxCache {
     }
 }
 
+fn syntax_prefix(text: &str) -> &str {
+    let mut end = text.len().min(MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES);
+    while !text.is_char_boundary(end) {
+        end -= 1;
+    }
+    text[..end].split('\n').next().unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+fn syntax_source_length(lines: &[String], final_newline: bool) -> Result<usize, &'static str> {
+    let mut length = lines
+        .len()
+        .saturating_sub(1)
+        .saturating_add(usize::from(final_newline));
+    if length > MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES {
+        return Err(SOURCE_BUDGET_NOTICE);
+    }
+    for line in lines {
+        if line.len() > MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES {
+            return Err(LINE_BUDGET_NOTICE);
+        }
+        length = length.saturating_add(line.len());
+        if length > MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES {
+            return Err(SOURCE_BUDGET_NOTICE);
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(length)
+}
+
 fn has_scope_language(language: &str) -> bool {
     matches!(
         language,
diff --git a/tests/unit/diff.rs b/tests/unit/diff.rs
index cf5263a..3781314 100644
--- a/tests/unit/diff.rs
+++ b/tests/unit/diff.rs
@@ -1844,7 +1844,10 @@ fn column_view_preserves_split_gaps_unified_sides_and_folded_coordinates() {
     let ColumnRow::Text(line) = before.row(1).unwrap() else {
         panic!("unified insertion must paint the after source");
     };
-    assert_eq!((line.text, line.side, line.source_row), (Some("added"), Focus::After, 1));
+    assert_eq!(
+        (line.text, line.side, line.source_row),
+        (Some("added"), Focus::After, 1)
+    );
     assert_eq!(line.numbers, [None, Some(1)]);
     assert!(line.changed);
     assert_eq!(before.native_row(1), None);
diff --git a/tests/unit/editor.rs b/tests/unit/editor.rs
index 8a7cb56..83f8f27 100644
--- a/tests/unit/editor.rs
+++ b/tests/unit/editor.rs
@@ -323,6 +323,7 @@ fn resolver_explorer_retains_last_jj_conflict_state_until_confirmation() {
             ResolverStatus::Unconfirmed
         );
         editor.active.saved_lines.clone_from(&editor.active.lines);
+        editor.active.dirty_cache.set(None);
         editor.refresh_resolver_status();
         assert_eq!(
             editor.resolver().unwrap().files[0].status,
@@ -3245,7 +3246,10 @@ fn review_identity_changes_retire_drafts_before_reusing_comment_ids() {
         let restored = root.join("restored.json");
         editor.execute(&format!("diff.review.save {}", restored.display()));
         assert_eq!(
-            crate::review::Review::load(&restored, &root).unwrap().comments[0].body,
+            crate::review::Review::load(&restored, &root)
+                .unwrap()
+                .comments[0]
+                .body,
             "Original feedback"
         );
 
@@ -7145,19 +7149,25 @@ mod system_clipboard {
         editor
             .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("aa\nbb\ncc".into())])
             .unwrap();
+        editor.active.saved_lines.clone_from(&editor.active.lines);
+        editor.active.dirty_cache.set(Some(false));
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
         type_text(&mut editor, "Vj");
         fixture.fail("fail-write", true);
         let before = state(&editor);
         editor.handle(Input::Char('.'));
         assert_eq!(state(&editor), before);
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
         assert_eq!(fixture.bytes("state"), b"a\n");
         assert!(editor.visual_linewise());
         fixture.fail("fail-write", false);
         editor.handle(Input::Char('.'));
         assert_eq!(editor.context().text, "cc");
         assert_eq!(fixture.bytes("state"), b"aa\nbb\n");
+        assert!(editor.dirty());
         editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
         assert_eq!(editor.context().text, "aa\nbb\ncc");
+        assert!(!editor.dirty());
         assert_eq!(editor.mode(), Mode::Normal);
     }
 
@@ -7795,11 +7805,12 @@ fn filter_escape_resume_and_clear_do_not_edit_underlying_buffers_or_history() {
             editor.count = Some(7);
             let snapshot =
                 |state: &Snapshot| (state.lines.clone(), state.targets.clone(), state.primary);
+            let history = |entry: &HistoryEntry| (entry.start, entry.end, snapshot(&entry.before));
             let lines = editor.lines().to_owned();
             let targets = editor.active.view.targets.clone();
             let primary = editor.active.view.primary;
-            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
-            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
+            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect();
+            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect();
             let insert = editor.active.view.insert_start.as_ref().map(snapshot);
             let buffer = editor.buffer_id();
             let buffers = editor.buffer_count();
@@ -7845,11 +7856,11 @@ fn filter_escape_resume_and_clear_do_not_edit_underlying_buffers_or_history() {
             assert_eq!(editor.buffer_id(), buffer);
             assert_eq!(editor.buffer_count(), buffers);
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 undo
             );
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 redo
             );
             assert_eq!(
@@ -8078,11 +8089,12 @@ fn selection_navigation_wraps_without_touching_any_underlying_mode() {
             assert!(len > 1);
             let snapshot =
                 |state: &Snapshot| (state.lines.clone(), state.targets.clone(), state.primary);
+            let history = |entry: &HistoryEntry| (entry.start, entry.end, snapshot(&entry.before));
             let text = editor.context().text;
             let targets = editor.active.view.targets.clone();
             let primary = editor.active.view.primary;
-            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
-            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
+            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect();
+            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect();
             let insert = editor.active.view.insert_start.as_ref().map(snapshot);
             editor.count = Some(7);
             for (input, selected) in [
@@ -8104,11 +8116,11 @@ fn selection_navigation_wraps_without_touching_any_underlying_mode() {
             assert_eq!(editor.active.view.command_line, "original prompt");
             assert_eq!(editor.count(), Some(7));
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 undo
             );
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 redo
             );
             assert_eq!(
@@ -12182,6 +12194,7 @@ fn palette_cancellation_preserves_every_underlying_mode_and_insert_group() {
             }
             let snapshot =
                 |state: &Snapshot| (state.lines.clone(), state.targets.clone(), state.primary);
+            let history = |entry: &HistoryEntry| (entry.start, entry.end, snapshot(&entry.before));
             let lines = editor.active.lines.clone();
             let targets = editor.active.view.targets.clone();
             let primary = editor.active.view.primary;
@@ -12190,8 +12203,8 @@ fn palette_cancellation_preserves_every_underlying_mode_and_insert_group() {
             let search = editor.active.view.search_query.clone();
             let found = editor.active.view.search_match;
             let message = editor.message.clone();
-            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
-            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect();
+            let undo: Vec<_> = editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect();
+            let redo: Vec<_> = editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect();
             let insert = editor.active.view.insert_start.as_ref().map(snapshot);
 
             editor.handle(Input::Ctrl('p'));
@@ -12218,11 +12231,11 @@ fn palette_cancellation_preserves_every_underlying_mode_and_insert_group() {
             assert_eq!(editor.active.view.search_match, found);
             assert_eq!(editor.message, message);
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.undo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 undo
             );
             assert_eq!(
-                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&snapshot).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                editor.active.redo.iter().map(&history).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
                 redo
             );
             assert_eq!(
@@ -13489,6 +13502,56 @@ fn insert_sessions_and_open_lines_are_single_undo_actions() {
     assert_eq!(editor.context().text, "hello\n世界");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn large_buffer_history_retains_changed_rows_and_round_trips_all_groups() {
+    let directory = Directory::new();
+    let path = directory.path("large.txt");
+    let source = format!("head\n{}tail\n", "unchanged contents\n".repeat(10_000));
+    fs::write(&path, &source).unwrap();
+    let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path), vec![]).unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..12 {
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('i'));
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('界'));
+        editor.handle(Input::Escape);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(editor.lines()[0], format!("{}head", "界".repeat(12)));
+    let retained_bytes: usize = editor
+        .active
+        .undo
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|entry| &entry.before.lines)
+        .map(String::len)
+        .sum();
+    assert!(
+        retained_bytes < 4096,
+        "small edits retained {retained_bytes} bytes of history"
+    );
+    for _ in 0..12 {
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(editor.lines().join("\n"), source);
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    for _ in 0..12 {
+        editor.handle(Input::Char('U'));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(editor.lines()[0], format!("{}head", "界".repeat(12)));
+    assert_eq!(&editor.lines()[1..], &split_lines(&source)[1..]);
+    assert!(editor.dirty());
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('i'));
+    editor.handle(Input::Enter);
+    editor.handle(Input::Escape);
+    assert!(editor.active.redo.is_empty());
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+    assert_eq!(editor.lines()[0], format!("{}head", "界".repeat(11)));
+    editor.execute("w");
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    assert_eq!(
+        fs::read_to_string(editor.path().unwrap()).unwrap(),
+        format!("{}{source}", "界".repeat(11))
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn grapheme_navigation_and_deletion_do_not_split_unicode() {
     let mut editor = editor();
@@ -14076,6 +14139,52 @@ fn saves_preserve_empty_files_lf_trailing_newlines_and_dirty_history() {
     assert!(editor.should_quit());
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn dirty_cache_tracks_saved_text_across_edits_undo_restore_and_reload() {
+    let directory = Directory::new();
+    let path = directory.path("file.txt");
+    fs::write(&path, "saved\n").unwrap();
+    let mut editor = Editor::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![]).unwrap();
+    editor.set_clipboard_mode("separate").unwrap();
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+
+    editor
+        .apply(vec![Effect::Insert("changed".into())])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(editor.dirty());
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        assert!(editor.dirty());
+        assert!(editor.active.info(true).dirty);
+        assert!(editor.active.document().dirty);
+        assert!(!editor.active.refresh_file().unwrap());
+    }
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('U'));
+    assert!(editor.dirty());
+
+    editor
+        .apply(vec![Effect::Replace("saved\n".into())])
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    editor.apply(vec![Effect::Insert("new ".into())]).unwrap();
+    assert!(editor.dirty());
+    let revision = editor.text_revision();
+    editor.execute("w");
+    assert_eq!(editor.text_revision(), revision);
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('u'));
+    assert!(editor.dirty());
+    editor.handle(Input::Char('U'));
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+
+    fs::write(&path, "reloaded content\n").unwrap();
+    assert!(editor.active.refresh_file().unwrap());
+    assert_eq!(editor.lines(), ["reloaded content", ""]);
+    assert!(!editor.dirty());
+    assert!(!editor.active.refresh_file().unwrap());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn save_as_and_failed_wq_keep_path_dirty_state_and_quit_correct() {
     let directory = Directory::new();
diff --git a/tests/unit/session.rs b/tests/unit/session.rs
index ce8164f..e2ac2ce 100644
--- a/tests/unit/session.rs
+++ b/tests/unit/session.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,47 @@ use std::{
     sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
 };
 
+#[test]
+fn oversized_repository_text_skips_snapshots_and_recovers_after_shrinking() {
+    let fixture = Fixture::new();
+    let path = fixture.file("buffer.txt", "small\n");
+    let mut session = EditorSession::open(Some(path.clone()), vec![], None).unwrap();
+    let buffer = session.editor.buffer_id();
+    session.editor.set_gutter_changes(
+        buffer,
+        session.editor.text_revision(),
+        &path,
+        vec![Some(crate::gutter::Change::Added)],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        session.editor.gutter_change(0),
+        Some(crate::gutter::Change::Added)
+    );
+    fs::write(&path, "x".repeat(crate::gutter::FILE_LIMIT + 1)).unwrap();
+    assert!(session.editor.refresh_files());
+    session.poll_gutter_at(Instant::now());
+    session.synchronize_documents();
+    let source = session
+        .gutter_sources
+        .iter()
+        .find(|source| source.buffer == buffer)
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(source.contents.is_none());
+    assert!(session.blame_worker.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(session.editor.gutter_change(0), None);
+    fs::write(&path, "small again\n").unwrap();
+    assert!(session.editor.refresh_files());
+    session.poll_gutter_at(Instant::now());
+    session.synchronize_documents();
+    let source = session
+        .gutter_sources
+        .iter()
+        .find(|source| source.buffer == buffer)
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(source.contents.as_deref(), Some("small again\n"));
+    assert!(session.blame_worker.is_some());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn resolver_load_errors_return_through_real_session_without_touching_the_draft() {
     let fixture = Fixture::new();
diff --git a/tests/unit/syntax.rs b/tests/unit/syntax.rs
index f7e91d2..78b3eae 100644
--- a/tests/unit/syntax.rs
+++ b/tests/unit/syntax.rs
@@ -729,6 +729,152 @@ fn unchanged_revision_and_same_source_do_not_allocate_or_parse() {
     assert_eq!(cache.incremental_parses, 0);
 }
 
+fn assert_plain_text_storage(cache: &SyntaxCache) {
+    assert!(cache.tree.is_none());
+    assert!(cache.context.is_none());
+    assert!(cache.scopes.get().is_none());
+    assert_eq!(cache.source.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.next_source.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.line_starts.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.lines.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.string_spans.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.highlighted.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.injections.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.captures.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.highlights.capacity(), 0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.events.capacity(), 0);
+    assert!(cache.line(0).is_empty());
+    assert!(cache.string_spans(0).is_empty());
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(0).is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn syntax_budget_crossing_releases_state_and_reenables_after_shrinking() {
+    let small = "fn main() { let value = \"ok\"; }";
+    let mut input = lines(small);
+    let mut remaining = MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES - small.len();
+    while remaining > 0 {
+        let length = (remaining - 1).min(16 * 1024);
+        input.push(" ".repeat(length));
+        remaining -= length + 1;
+    }
+    let path = Some(Path::new("budget.rs"));
+    let mut cache = SyntaxCache::new();
+    cache.update_visible(&input, path, 0, std::slice::from_ref(&(0..1)));
+    assert_eq!(cache.source.len(), MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 1);
+    assert_token(&cache, small, 0, "fn", SyntaxKind::Keyword);
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(0).is_some());
+    input.last_mut().unwrap().push(' ');
+    cache.update_visible(&input, path, 1, std::slice::from_ref(&(0..1)));
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Rust"));
+    assert!(cache.error().unwrap().contains("plain text"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 1);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    let notice = cache.error.as_ref().unwrap().as_ptr();
+    cache.update(&input, path, 1);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error.as_ref().unwrap().as_ptr(), notice);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 1);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update(&input, Some(Path::new("budget.py")), 1);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Python"));
+    assert!(cache.error().unwrap().starts_with("Python"));
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update(&input, Some(Path::new("budget.txt")), 1);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), None);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update(&lines(small), path, 2);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 2);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert_token(&cache, small, 0, "fn", SyntaxKind::Keyword);
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(0).is_some());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_syntax_budget_counts_the_separate_final_newline() {
+    let mut input = vec!["//".to_owned() + &" ".repeat(16 * 1024 - 2); 63];
+    input.push("//".to_owned() + &" ".repeat(16 * 1024 - 65));
+    let path = Some(Path::new("budget.rs"));
+    let mut cache = SyntaxCache::new();
+    cache.update_diff(&input, path, 0, false, None);
+    assert_eq!(cache.source.len(), MAX_SYNTAX_BYTES);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 1);
+    assert_eq!(kind_at(&cache, 0, 0), Some(SyntaxKind::Comment));
+    cache.update_diff(&input, path, 0, true, None);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 1);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update_diff(&input, path, 0, false, Some(std::slice::from_ref(&(0..1))));
+    assert_eq!(cache.parses, 2);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert_eq!(kind_at(&cache, 0, 0), Some(SyntaxKind::Comment));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn long_lines_and_large_text_never_copy_or_parse_and_clear_injections() {
+    let markdown = "# Title\n```rust\nfn main() { \"ok\"; }\n```";
+    let mut cache = self::cache(markdown, "hover.md");
+    assert!(!cache.injections.is_empty());
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(2).is_some());
+    let parses = cache.parse_counts();
+    let long_line = "//".to_owned() + &" ".repeat(MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES - 1);
+    cache.update_text(&long_line, Path::new("large.rs"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Rust"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.parse_counts(), parses);
+    assert!(cache.error().unwrap().contains("line"));
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    let large = " ".repeat(52 * 1024 * 1024);
+    cache.update_text(&large, Path::new("parser.c"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("C"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.parse_counts(), parses);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    let notice = cache.error.as_ref().unwrap().as_ptr();
+    cache.update_text(&large, Path::new("parser.c"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.error.as_ref().unwrap().as_ptr(), notice);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    let large_lines = vec![large];
+    cache.update(&large_lines, Some(Path::new("parser.c")), 10);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("C"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.parse_counts(), parses);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update_diff(&large_lines, Some(Path::new("parser.c")), 10, true, None);
+    assert_eq!(cache.parse_counts(), parses);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update_text(markdown, Path::new("hover.md"));
+    assert!(cache.parse_counts().0 > parses.0);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert!(!cache.injections.is_empty());
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(2).is_some());
+    let boundary = "//".to_owned() + &" ".repeat(MAX_SYNTAX_LINE_BYTES - 2);
+    cache.update(&lines(&boundary), Some(Path::new("line.rs")), 50);
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert_eq!(kind_at(&cache, 0, 0), Some(SyntaxKind::Comment));
+    cache.update(&lines(&long_line), Some(Path::new("line.rs")), 51);
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    cache.update_text("", Path::new("line.rs"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Rust"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert!(cache.budget_exceeded.is_none());
+    assert!(cache.line(0).is_empty());
+    assert!(cache.scope_at(0).is_none());
+
+    let mut script = vec!["#!/usr/bin/env python3".to_owned(), long_line.clone()];
+    cache.update(&script, None, 60);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Python"));
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    script[0] = "#!/usr/bin/env ruby".to_owned();
+    cache.update(&script, None, 61);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Ruby"));
+    assert!(cache.error().unwrap().starts_with("Ruby"));
+    assert_plain_text_storage(&cache);
+    script.pop();
+    cache.update(&script, None, 62);
+    assert_eq!(cache.language(), Some("Ruby"));
+    assert_eq!(cache.error(), None);
+    assert!(cache.tree.is_some());
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn unicode_minimal_edits_use_byte_points_and_never_split_codepoints() {
     let old = "x\n\t\"é 👩‍💻\"\n";