sentinel pointers and c strings

LANGUAGE.md

@@ -17,11 +17,15 @@
 - C primitives remain semantically distinct from exact-width Brolang primitives until target lowering
 - contextual integer literals and constant folding of addition and negation trees
 - strict numeric conversions, checked integer addition, and unary negation
-- arrays `[N]T`, sentinel arrays `[N;S]T`, indexing, pointers, pointer offsets, slices, and explicit slicing
+- arrays `[N]T`, sentinel arrays `[N;S]T`, single-item pointers `@T`, many-item pointers `*T`, sentinel many-item pointers `[*;S]T`, pointer offsets, slices, and explicit slicing
-- immutable UTF-8 sentinel-slice strings and Unicode code-point character literals
+- immutable UTF-8 string literals typed as pointers to static sentinel arrays: `@[N;0]u8`
+- pointer-to-array `.len`, indexing, and slicing without explicit dereference
+- arrays expose `.len` but not `.ptr`; slices and pointers-to-arrays expose `.ptr` and preserve sentinel information when available
+- information-preserving and information-forgetting pointer-to-array decay and sentinel slice/pointer weakening; array values never implicitly decay
+- narrow immutable zero-terminated byte pointer conversion to `*c_char` and `[*;0]c_char`, without general `u8`/`c_char` interchange
 - optionals with trapping postfix `?`, `orelse`, and nullable pointer representation
 - source-order native structs, keyed literals, and defined or opaque pointer-only `c_struct`
-- postfix pointer dereference, explicit `.ptr`/`.len`, general writable locations, function calls, assignments, and returns
+- postfix pointer dereference, general writable locations, function calls, assignments, and returns
 
 ### functions and packages
 

README.md

@@ -51,6 +51,17 @@ Bodyless manual and imported C functions may be variadic:
 log_values :: c_func(tag c_int, ...) c_int
 ```
 
+Zero-terminated byte strings can be passed directly to immutable C character
+pointers without making `u8` and `c_char` generally interchangeable:
+
+```bro
+printf :: c_func(format *c_char, ...) c_int
+
+main :: func() void {
+	_ = printf("answer: %d\n", 42)
+}
+```
+
 Arguments after `...` accept concrete scalars, pointers, and nullable pointers.
 Narrow integers are promoted to the target C `int` or `unsigned int`, and
 `f32`/`c_float` are promoted to `c_double`. Arrays, slices, structs, and other
@@ -87,8 +98,9 @@ Current prototype features:
 - Immutable `::` bindings, mutable function-local `=` bindings, and `_` sinks
 - Exact-width signed/unsigned integers, `f32`, `f64`, `isize`, `usize`, and loose integer-constrained `int`
 - Target-dependent atomic `c_*` primitive types, `c_func`, and pointer-only `c_struct`
-- Arrays, sentinel arrays, pointers, slices, sentinel slices, strings, character literals, optionals, and native structs
+- Arrays, sentinel arrays, single-item pointers, many-item pointers, sentinel many-item pointers, slices, sentinel slices, strings, character literals, optionals, and native structs
-- Explicit `.ptr`/`.len`, slicing, postfix pointer dereference and optional unwrap, and keyed struct literals
+- String literals as immutable pointers to static zero-terminated byte arrays
+- Pointer-preserving `.ptr`/`.len`, pointer-to-array indexing and slicing, postfix pointer dereference and optional unwrap, and keyed struct literals
 - Contextual integer constants and compile-time folding of addition and unary negation trees
 - Directory packages with merged declarations and file-local relative imports
 - Relative C header imports as synthetic package namespaces

TODO.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
      - `[]T`: pointer and length
      - `[;S]T`: pointer and length with a sentinel invariant
      - ordinary slices do not guarantee null termination
-   - string literals as immutable sentinel slices backed by static arrays
+   - string literals as immutable sentinel slices backed by static arrays (superseded by milestone 3.5)
    - character literals
    - optionals with trapping unwrap and fallback operations
    - native structs with compiler-controlled layout
@@ -44,6 +44,16 @@
    - emit LLVM c-variadic declarations and calls
    - keep native brolang variadics and tuple design separate
 
+3.5. sentinel pointers and c strings (implemented)
+   - add sentinel many-item pointers: `[*;S]T`
+   - represent string literals as immutable pointers to statically stored sentinel arrays: `@[N;0]u8`
+   - arrays expose `.len` but no `.ptr`; slices and pointers-to-arrays expose sentinel-preserving `.ptr`
+   - allow pointer-to-array `.len`, indexing, slicing, pointer decay, and slice construction without explicit dereference
+   - preserve or forget sentinel information through compatible pointer and slice coercions without copying arrays
+   - allow zero-terminated immutable byte pointer views to convert to immutable `*c_char` and `[*;0]c_char`
+   - keep `u8` and `c_char` distinct to preserve target-dependent scalar c semantics
+   - reject general `u8`/`c_char` interchange, slice-to-pointer coercion, and conversion to mutable c character pointers
+
 4. advanced c interop
    - by-value records and unions
    - function pointers and callbacks

compiler/checker/checker.odin

@@ -221,6 +221,19 @@ is_runtime_type :: proc(checker: ^Checker, value: types.Type) -> bool {
 	return types.is_runtime_value(value, &checker.module.types)
 }
 
+string_literal_type :: proc(checker: ^Checker, string_id: u64) -> types.Type {
+	length: u64
+	if string_id < u64(len(checker.ast_module.strings)) {
+		length = u64(len(checker.ast_module.strings[string_id]))
+	}
+	array := types.array(&checker.module.types, types.U8, length, false, true, 0)
+	return types.pointer(&checker.module.types, array, false, false)
+}
+
+container_pointer_type :: proc(store: ^types.Store, item: types.Node) -> types.Type {
+	return types.pointer(store, item.child, item.mutable, true, item.has_sentinel, item.sentinel)
+}
+
 resolve_inferred_array :: proc(checker: ^Checker, value: types.Type, expr_id: ast.Expr_Id) -> types.Type {
 	item, ok := types.node(&checker.module.types, value)
 	if !ok || item.kind != .Array || !item.inferred_count ||
@@ -665,7 +678,7 @@ validate_type_nodes :: proc(checker: ^Checker) {
 				source.addf(
 					checker.diagnostics,
 					source.Span{},
-					"sentinel value does not fit array or slice element type %s",
+					"sentinel value does not fit array, slice, or pointer element type %s",
 					types.name(item.child),
 				)
 			}
@@ -809,7 +822,7 @@ infer_compound_expr :: proc(
 	store := &checker.module.types
 	#partial switch expr.kind {
 	case .String:
-		return types.slice(store, types.U8, false, true, 0)
+		return string_literal_type(checker, expr.integer)
 	case .Array:
 		element := types.INVALID
 		for arg in expr.args {
@@ -835,11 +848,12 @@ infer_compound_expr :: proc(
 	case .Index:
 		value := infer_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, pkg, file, demanded)
 		_ = infer_nested_expr(checker, expr.right, locals, pkg, file, demanded)
-		return types.child_type(value, store)
+		item, ok := types.container(value, store)
+		return item.child if ok else types.INVALID
 	case .Slice:
 		value := infer_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, pkg, file, demanded)
-		item, ok := types.node(store, value)
+		item, ok := types.container(value, store)
-		if !ok || (item.kind != .Array && item.kind != .Slice) {
+		if !ok || item.kind == .Pointer {
 			return types.INVALID
 		}
 		for bound in expr.args {
@@ -851,14 +865,15 @@ infer_compound_expr :: proc(
 		return types.slice(store, item.child, item.mutable, preserve, item.sentinel)
 	case .Field:
 		value := infer_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, pkg, file, demanded)
-		item, has_item := types.node(store, value)
 		field_name := symbol_text(checker, expr.name)
+		item, has_item := types.container(value, store)
 		if has_item && (item.kind == .Array || item.kind == .Slice) {
 			if field_name == "len" {
 				return types.USIZE
 			}
-			if field_name == "ptr" {
+			if field_name == "ptr" &&
-				return types.pointer(store, item.child, item.mutable, true)
+			   (item.kind == .Slice || types.is_pointer(value, store)) {
+				return container_pointer_type(store, item)
 			}
 		}
 		if types.is_pointer(value, store) {
@@ -950,13 +965,14 @@ infer_expr :: proc(
 					last = find_infer_local(locals, expr.name)
 				} else {
 					base_type := find_infer_local(locals, expr.qualifier)
-					item, has_item := types.node(&checker.module.types, base_type)
+					item, has_item := types.container(base_type, &checker.module.types)
 					field_name := symbol_text(checker, expr.name)
 					if has_item && (item.kind == .Array || item.kind == .Slice) {
 						if field_name == "len" {
 							last = types.USIZE
-						} else if field_name == "ptr" {
+						} else if field_name == "ptr" &&
-							last = types.pointer(&checker.module.types, item.child, item.mutable, true)
+						          (item.kind == .Slice || types.is_pointer(base_type, &checker.module.types)) {
+							last = container_pointer_type(&checker.module.types, item)
 						}
 					}
 					if types.is_pointer(base_type, &checker.module.types) {
@@ -1296,11 +1312,35 @@ coerce_expr :: proc(
 			diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 		})
 	}
+	if types.can_weaken_slice(actual, expected, &checker.module.types) {
+		return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
+			kind=.Weaken_Slice,
+			span=span,
+			type=expected,
+			left=expr_id,
+			target=hir.INVALID_REF,
+			right=hir.INVALID_EXPR,
+			diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
+		})
+	}
+	if types.can_decay_array_pointer(actual, expected, &checker.module.types) {
+		return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
+			kind=.Decay_Array_Pointer,
+			span=span,
+			type=expected,
+			left=expr_id,
+			target=hir.INVALID_REF,
+			right=hir.INVALID_EXPR,
+			diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
+		})
+	}
 	if types.is_optional(expected, &checker.module.types) {
 		child := types.child_type(expected, &checker.module.types)
 		if types.equal(actual, child) ||
 		   types.can_widen(actual, child) ||
-		   types.can_weaken_pointer(actual, child, &checker.module.types) {
+		   types.can_weaken_pointer(actual, child, &checker.module.types) ||
+		   types.can_weaken_slice(actual, child, &checker.module.types) ||
+		   types.can_decay_array_pointer(actual, child, &checker.module.types) {
 			value := coerce_expr(checker, expr_id, child, span)
 			return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
 				kind=.Optional_Some,
@@ -1475,7 +1515,8 @@ hir_location_writable :: proc(checker: ^Checker, expr_id: hir.Expr_Id, locals: [
 		return types.is_mutable(pointer_type, &checker.module.types)
 	case .Index:
 		container_type := checker.module.exprs[expr.left].type
-		return types.is_mutable(container_type, &checker.module.types)
+		item, ok := types.container(container_type, &checker.module.types)
+		return ok && item.mutable
 	case .Field:
 		base_type := checker.module.exprs[expr.left].type
 		if types.is_pointer(base_type, &checker.module.types) {
@@ -1539,7 +1580,7 @@ build_compound_expr :: proc(
 	store := &checker.module.types
 	#partial switch expr.kind {
 	case .String:
-		string_type := types.slice(store, types.U8, false, true, 0)
+		string_type := string_literal_type(checker, expr.integer)
 		return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
 			kind=.String, span=expr.span, type=string_type, integer=i64(expr.integer),
 			target=hir.INVALID_REF, left=hir.INVALID_EXPR, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR,
@@ -1639,9 +1680,9 @@ build_compound_expr :: proc(
 		container := build_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, global_reads, calls, types.INVALID, pkg, file)
 		index := build_nested_expr(checker, expr.right, locals, global_reads, calls, types.USIZE, pkg, file)
 		container_type := checker.module.exprs[container].type
-		item, ok := types.node(store, container_type)
+		item, ok := types.container(container_type, store)
-		if !ok || (item.kind != .Array && item.kind != .Slice && !(item.kind == .Pointer && item.many)) {
+		if !ok {
-			id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "indexing requires an array, slice, or many-item pointer")
+			id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "indexing requires an array, slice, pointer-to-array, or many-item pointer")
 			return invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, id)
 		}
 		return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
@@ -1651,9 +1692,9 @@ build_compound_expr :: proc(
 	case .Slice:
 		container := build_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, global_reads, calls, types.INVALID, pkg, file)
 		container_type := checker.module.exprs[container].type
-		item, ok := types.node(store, container_type)
+		item, ok := types.container(container_type, store)
-		if !ok || (item.kind != .Array && item.kind != .Slice) {
+		if !ok || item.kind == .Pointer {
-			id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "slicing requires an array or slice")
+			id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "slicing requires an array, slice, or pointer-to-array")
 			return invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, id)
 		}
 		bounds := make([]hir.Expr_Id, 2, checker.allocator)
@@ -1673,8 +1714,8 @@ build_compound_expr :: proc(
 	case .Field:
 		base := build_nested_expr(checker, expr.left, locals, global_reads, calls, types.INVALID, pkg, file)
 		base_type := checker.module.exprs[base].type
-		item, has_item := types.node(store, base_type)
 		field_name := symbol_text(checker, expr.name)
+		item, has_item := types.container(base_type, store)
 		if has_item && (item.kind == .Array || item.kind == .Slice) {
 			if field_name == "len" {
 				return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
@@ -1682,13 +1723,18 @@ build_compound_expr :: proc(
 					target=hir.INVALID_REF, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 				})
 			}
-			if field_name == "ptr" {
+			if field_name == "ptr" &&
+			   (item.kind == .Slice || types.is_pointer(base_type, store)) {
 				return add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
 					kind=.Slice_Ptr, span=expr.span,
-					type=types.pointer(store, item.child, item.mutable, true), left=base,
+					type=container_pointer_type(store, item), left=base,
 					target=hir.INVALID_REF, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 				})
 			}
+			if field_name == "ptr" && item.kind == .Array {
+				id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "arrays do not expose '.ptr'; take their address first")
+				return invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, id)
+			}
 		}
 		if types.is_pointer(base_type, store) {
 			base_type = types.child_type(base_type, store)
@@ -1848,7 +1894,7 @@ build_expr :: proc(
 						left=hir.INVALID_EXPR, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 					})
 					base_type := local.type
-					item, has_item := types.node(&checker.module.types, base_type)
+					item, has_item := types.container(base_type, &checker.module.types)
 					field_name := symbol_text(checker, expr.name)
 					if has_item && (item.kind == .Array || item.kind == .Slice) {
 						if field_name == "len" {
@@ -1856,12 +1902,16 @@ build_expr :: proc(
 								kind=.Length, span=expr.span, type=types.USIZE, left=base,
 								target=hir.INVALID_REF, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 							})
-						} else if field_name == "ptr" {
+						} else if field_name == "ptr" &&
+						          (item.kind == .Slice || types.is_pointer(base_type, &checker.module.types)) {
 							last = add_hir_expr(checker, hir.Expr{
 								kind=.Slice_Ptr, span=expr.span,
-								type=types.pointer(&checker.module.types, item.child, item.mutable, true), left=base,
+								type=container_pointer_type(&checker.module.types, item), left=base,
 								target=hir.INVALID_REF, right=hir.INVALID_EXPR, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 							})
+						} else if field_name == "ptr" && item.kind == .Array {
+							id := source.add(checker.diagnostics, expr.span, "arrays do not expose '.ptr'; take their address first")
+							last = invalid_hir_expr(checker, expr.span, id)
 						}
 					}
 					if types.is_pointer(base_type, &checker.module.types) {

compiler/hir/hir.odin

@@ -95,6 +95,8 @@ Expr_Kind :: enum u8 {
 	Widen,
 	C_Vararg_Promote,
 	Weaken_Pointer,
+	Weaken_Slice,
+	Decay_Array_Pointer,
 	Negate,
 	Add,
 	Pointer_Add,

compiler/ir/ir.odin

@@ -89,6 +89,8 @@ Opcode :: enum u8 {
 	Widen,
 	C_Vararg_Promote,
 	Weaken_Pointer,
+	Weaken_Slice,
+	Decay_Array_Pointer,
 	Neg_Checked,
 	Add_Checked,
 	Pointer_Add,

compiler/llvm/llvm.odin

@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@ valid_value :: proc(
 	switch instructions[value_id].op {
 	case .Param, .Const, .String, .Aggregate, .None, .Optional_Some,
 	     .Load_Global, .Address_Of, .Load, .Slice, .Length, .Slice_Ptr, .Unwrap, .Orelse,
-	     .Widen, .C_Vararg_Promote, .Weaken_Pointer, .Neg_Checked, .Add_Checked, .Pointer_Add, .Call:
+	     .Widen, .C_Vararg_Promote, .Weaken_Pointer, .Weaken_Slice, .Decay_Array_Pointer,
+	     .Neg_Checked, .Add_Checked, .Pointer_Add, .Call:
 		return true
 	case .Address_Global, .Alloca, .Index_Address, .Field_Address, .Orelse_Begin,
 	     .Store, .Trap, .Return, .Return_Void:
@@ -306,21 +307,17 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 		case .Param, .Const:
 		case .String:
 			string_id := int(instruction.integer)
+			_, array, pointer_ok := types.array_pointer(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types)
 			if string_id < 0 || string_id >= len(emitter.module.strings) ||
-			   !types.is_slice(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types) {
+			   !pointer_ok || array.child != types.U8 || !array.has_sentinel ||
+			   array.sentinel != 0 || array.count != u64(len(emitter.module.strings[string_id])) {
 				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid string literal")
 				continue
 			}
-			type_name := llvm_type(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types)
 			fmt.sbprintf(
 				&emitter.builder,
-				"  %%string_ptr%d = insertvalue %s poison, ptr @bro.str.%d, 0\n",
+				"  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr @bro.str.%d, i64 0\n",
-				instruction_index, type_name, string_id,
+				instruction_index, llvm_type(types.child_type(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types), &emitter.module.types), string_id,
-			)
-			fmt.sbprintf(
-				&emitter.builder,
-				"  %%v%d = insertvalue %s %%string_ptr%d, i64 %d, 1\n",
-				instruction_index, type_name, instruction_index, len(emitter.module.strings[string_id]),
 			)
 		case .Aggregate:
 			item, ok := types.node(&emitter.module.types, instruction.type)
@@ -465,7 +462,7 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				continue
 			}
 			container := instructions[instruction.a]
-			container_node, container_ok := types.node(&emitter.module.types, container.type)
+			container_node, container_ok := types.container(container.type, &emitter.module.types)
 			if !container_ok {
 				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid index container")
 				continue
@@ -504,7 +501,13 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  unreachable\nindex_continue%d:\n", instruction_index)
 			}
 			if container_node.kind == .Array {
-				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %s, i64 0, i64 ", instruction_index, llvm_type(container.type, &emitter.module.types), pointer_name)
+				array_type := container.type
+				_, array, array_pointer_ok := types.array_pointer(container.type, &emitter.module.types)
+				if array_pointer_ok {
+					array_type = types.child_type(container.type, &emitter.module.types)
+					container_node = array
+				}
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %s, i64 0, i64 ", instruction_index, llvm_type(array_type, &emitter.module.types), pointer_name)
 			} else {
 				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %s, i64 ", instruction_index, llvm_type(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types), pointer_name)
 			}
@@ -558,7 +561,7 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				continue
 			}
 			container := instructions[instruction.a]
-			item, ok := types.node(&emitter.module.types, container.type)
+			item, ok := types.container(container.type, &emitter.module.types)
 			if !ok || (item.kind != .Array && item.kind != .Slice) {
 				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid slice container")
 				continue
@@ -566,7 +569,11 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 			pointer_name := fmt.tprintf("%%v%d", instruction.a)
 			length_name := fmt.tprintf("%d", item.count)
 			if item.kind == .Array {
-				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%slice_ptr%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n", instruction_index, llvm_type(container.type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a)
+				array_type := container.type
+				if types.is_pointer(container.type, &emitter.module.types) {
+					array_type = types.child_type(container.type, &emitter.module.types)
+				}
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%slice_ptr%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n", instruction_index, llvm_type(array_type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a)
 				pointer_name = fmt.tprintf("%%slice_ptr%d", instruction_index)
 			} else if item.kind == .Slice {
 				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%slice_ptr%d = extractvalue %s %%v%d, 0\n", instruction_index, llvm_type(container.type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a)
@@ -621,12 +628,21 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				continue
 			}
 			container_type := instructions[instruction.a].type
+			_, _, array_pointer_ok := types.array_pointer(container_type, &emitter.module.types)
 			if types.is_array(container_type, &emitter.module.types) {
 				fmt.sbprintf(
 					&emitter.builder,
 					"  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n",
 					instruction_index, llvm_type(container_type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a,
 				)
+			} else if array_pointer_ok {
+				fmt.sbprintf(
+					&emitter.builder,
+					"  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n",
+					instruction_index,
+					llvm_type(types.child_type(container_type, &emitter.module.types), &emitter.module.types),
+					instruction.a,
+				)
 			} else if types.is_slice(container_type, &emitter.module.types) {
 				fmt.sbprintf(
 					&emitter.builder,
@@ -741,6 +757,30 @@ emit_instruction_stream :: proc(
 				continue
 			}
 			fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = select i1 true, ptr %%v%d, ptr null\n", instruction_index, instruction.a)
+		case .Weaken_Slice:
+			if !valid_instruction(instructions, instruction.a) ||
+			   !types.can_weaken_slice(instructions[instruction.a].type, instruction.type, &emitter.module.types) {
+				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid slice weakening operand")
+				continue
+			}
+			type_name := llvm_type(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types)
+			fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = select i1 true, %s %%v%d, %s zeroinitializer\n", instruction_index, type_name, instruction.a, type_name)
+		case .Decay_Array_Pointer:
+			if !valid_instruction(instructions, instruction.a) ||
+			   !types.can_decay_array_pointer(instructions[instruction.a].type, instruction.type, &emitter.module.types) {
+				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid array pointer decay operand")
+				continue
+			}
+			array_type := types.child_type(instructions[instruction.a].type, &emitter.module.types)
+			array, _ := types.node(&emitter.module.types, array_type)
+			if types.is_pointer(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types) {
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n", instruction_index, llvm_type(array_type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a)
+			} else {
+				type_name := llvm_type(instruction.type, &emitter.module.types)
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%decay_ptr%d = getelementptr %s, ptr %%v%d, i64 0, i64 0\n", instruction_index, llvm_type(array_type, &emitter.module.types), instruction.a)
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%decay_slice%d = insertvalue %s poison, ptr %%decay_ptr%d, 0\n", instruction_index, type_name, instruction_index)
+				fmt.sbprintf(&emitter.builder, "  %%v%d = insertvalue %s %%decay_slice%d, i64 %d, 1\n", instruction_index, type_name, instruction_index, array.count)
+			}
 		case .Neg_Checked:
 			if !valid_value(instructions, instruction.a, instruction.type, &emitter.module.types) {
 				emit_recovery_value(emitter, instruction_index, instruction, "invalid negation operand")

compiler/lower/lower.odin

@@ -227,6 +227,14 @@ lower_compound_expr :: proc(state: ^State, expr_id: hir.Expr_Id) -> ir.Instructi
 				diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 			})
 		}
+		_, array, array_ok := types.array_pointer(container_type, &state.hir_module.types)
+		if array_ok {
+			return append_instruction(state, ir.Instruction{
+				op=.Const, span=expr.span, type=types.USIZE, integer=i64(array.count),
+				target=ir.INVALID_REF, a=ir.INVALID_INSTRUCTION, b=ir.INVALID_INSTRUCTION,
+				diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
+			})
+		}
 		value := lower_nested_expr(state, expr.left)
 		return append_instruction(state, ir.Instruction{
 			op=.Length, span=expr.span, type=types.USIZE,
@@ -324,7 +332,7 @@ lower_expr :: proc(state: ^State, expr_id: hir.Expr_Id) -> ir.Instruction_Id {
 					})
 				}
 				_ = pop(&stack)
-			case .Widen, .C_Vararg_Promote, .Weaken_Pointer:
+			case .Widen, .C_Vararg_Promote, .Weaken_Pointer, .Weaken_Slice, .Decay_Array_Pointer:
 				stack[frame_index].stage = 1
 				append(&stack, Lower_Expr_Frame{expr=expr.left})
 			case .Negate:
@@ -357,9 +365,16 @@ lower_expr :: proc(state: ^State, expr_id: hir.Expr_Id) -> ir.Instruction_Id {
 			continue
 		}
 		if frame.stage == 1 {
+			op := ir.Opcode.Widen
+			#partial switch expr.kind {
+			case .Weaken_Pointer:      op = .Weaken_Pointer
+			case .Weaken_Slice:        op = .Weaken_Slice
+			case .Decay_Array_Pointer: op = .Decay_Array_Pointer
+			case .C_Vararg_Promote:    op = .C_Vararg_Promote
+			case:                      op = .Widen
+			}
 			last = append_instruction(state, ir.Instruction{
-				op=.Weaken_Pointer if expr.kind == .Weaken_Pointer else
+				op=op,
-				   (.C_Vararg_Promote if expr.kind == .C_Vararg_Promote else .Widen),
 				span=expr.span, type=expr.type, target=ir.INVALID_REF,
 				a=last, b=ir.INVALID_INSTRUCTION, diagnostic=source.INVALID_DIAGNOSTIC,
 			})

compiler/parser/parser.odin

@@ -166,6 +166,17 @@ parse_type :: proc(parser: ^Parser) -> ast.Type_Syntax {
 		node := types.Node{}
 		if _, ok := allow(parser, .Right_Bracket); ok {
 			node.kind = .Slice
+		} else if _, ok := allow(parser, .Star); ok {
+			node.kind = .Pointer
+			node.many = true
+			node.has_sentinel = true
+			if _, ok = allow(parser, .Semicolon); !ok {
+				source.add(parser.diagnostics, current(parser).span, "expected ';' after '*' in sentinel pointer type")
+			}
+			node.sentinel, _ = parse_type_constant(parser)
+			if _, ok = allow(parser, .Right_Bracket); !ok {
+				source.add(parser.diagnostics, current(parser).span, "expected ']' after sentinel pointer type")
+			}
 		} else if _, ok := allow(parser, .Semicolon); ok {
 			node.kind = .Slice
 			node.has_sentinel = true

compiler/types/types.odin

@@ -488,13 +488,56 @@ is_many_pointer :: proc(value: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {
 	return ok && item.kind == .Pointer && item.many
 }
 
+array_pointer :: proc(value: Type, store: ^Store) -> (pointer_item, array_item: Node, ok: bool) {
+	pointer_ok: bool
+	pointer_item, pointer_ok = node(store, value)
+	if !pointer_ok || pointer_item.kind != .Pointer || pointer_item.many {
+		return {}, {}, false
+	}
+	array_ok: bool
+	array_item, array_ok = node(store, pointer_item.child)
+	if !array_ok || array_item.kind != .Array {
+		return {}, {}, false
+	}
+	return pointer_item, array_item, true
+}
+
+container :: proc(value: Type, store: ^Store) -> (Node, bool) {
+	item, ok := node(store, value)
+	if !ok {
+		return {}, false
+	}
+	if item.kind == .Array || item.kind == .Slice || (item.kind == .Pointer && item.many) {
+		return item, true
+	}
+	pointer_node, array_node, array_ok := array_pointer(value, store)
+	if !array_ok {
+		return {}, false
+	}
+	array_node.mutable = pointer_node.mutable && array_node.mutable
+	return array_node, true
+}
+
 is_c_struct :: proc(value: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {
 	item, ok := node(store, value)
 	return ok && item.kind == .Struct && item.c_layout
 }
 
-pointer :: proc(store: ^Store, child: Type, mutable, many: bool) -> Type {
+pointer :: proc(
-	return intern(store, Node{kind=.Pointer, child=child, mutable=mutable, many=many})
+	store: ^Store,
+	child: Type,
+	mutable, many: bool,
+	has_sentinel := false,
+	sentinel: u64 = 0,
+) -> Type {
+	return intern(store, Node{
+		kind=.Pointer,
+		child=child,
+		mutable=mutable,
+		many=many,
+		has_sentinel=has_sentinel,
+		sentinel=sentinel,
+	})
 }
 
 slice :: proc(store: ^Store, child: Type, mutable: bool, has_sentinel := false, sentinel: u64 = 0) -> Type {
@@ -540,12 +583,57 @@ with_array_count :: proc(store: ^Store, value: Type, count: u64) -> Type {
 }
 
 can_weaken_pointer :: proc(from, to: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {
+	from_node, from_ok := node(store, from)
+	to_node, to_ok := node(store, to)
+	if !from_ok || !to_ok || from_node.kind != .Pointer || to_node.kind != .Pointer ||
+	   from_node.many != to_node.many || (to_node.mutable && !from_node.mutable) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if to_node.has_sentinel &&
+	   (!from_node.has_sentinel || from_node.sentinel != to_node.sentinel) {
+		return false
+	}
+	same_child := from_node.child == to_node.child
+	c_string := from_node.many && from_node.child == U8 && to_node.child == C_CHAR &&
+	            from_node.has_sentinel && from_node.sentinel == 0 && !to_node.mutable
+	return same_child || c_string
+}
+
+can_weaken_slice :: proc(from, to: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {
 	from_node, from_ok := node(store, from)
 	to_node, to_ok := node(store, to)
 	return from_ok && to_ok &&
-	       from_node.kind == .Pointer && to_node.kind == .Pointer &&
+	       from_node.kind == .Slice && to_node.kind == .Slice &&
-	       from_node.child == to_node.child && from_node.many == to_node.many &&
+	       from_node.child == to_node.child &&
-	       from_node.mutable && !to_node.mutable
+	       (!to_node.mutable || from_node.mutable) &&
+	       (!to_node.has_sentinel ||
+	        (from_node.has_sentinel && from_node.sentinel == to_node.sentinel))
+}
+
+can_decay_array_pointer :: proc(from, to: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {
+	from_pointer, array, from_ok := array_pointer(from, store)
+	to_node, to_ok := node(store, to)
+	if !from_ok || !to_ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	mutable := from_pointer.mutable && array.mutable
+	if to_node.mutable && !mutable {
+		return false
+	}
+	if to_node.has_sentinel &&
+	   (!array.has_sentinel || array.sentinel != to_node.sentinel) {
+		return false
+	}
+	if to_node.kind == .Slice {
+		return array.child == to_node.child
+	}
+	if to_node.kind != .Pointer || !to_node.many {
+		return false
+	}
+	same_child := array.child == to_node.child
+	c_string := array.child == U8 && to_node.child == C_CHAR &&
+	            array.has_sentinel && array.sentinel == 0 && !to_node.mutable
+	return same_child || c_string
 }
 
 is_opaque_struct :: proc(value: Type, store: ^Store) -> bool {

compiler_tests.odin

@@ -174,6 +174,58 @@ main :: func() void {}
 	testing.expect_value(t, len(module.functions[0].params), 2)
 }
 
+@(test)
+parser_accepts_sentinel_many_item_pointer_types :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `zero :: func(value [*;0]u8) void {}
+newline :: func(value [*;'\n']mut u8) void {}
+nullable :: func(value ?[*;0]u8) void {}
+main :: func() void {}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&module)
+
+	zero, zero_ok := types.node(&module.type_store, module.functions[0].params[0].type)
+	newline, newline_ok := types.node(&module.type_store, module.functions[1].params[0].type)
+	nullable, nullable_ok := types.node(&module.type_store, module.functions[2].params[0].type)
+	nullable_child, nullable_child_ok := types.node(&module.type_store, nullable.child)
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(diagnostics.items), 0)
+	testing.expect(t, zero_ok && zero.kind == .Pointer && zero.many && zero.has_sentinel && zero.sentinel == 0)
+	testing.expect(t, newline_ok && newline.kind == .Pointer && newline.many && newline.mutable &&
+	                  newline.has_sentinel && newline.sentinel == '\n')
+	testing.expect(t, nullable_ok && nullable.kind == .Optional)
+	testing.expect(t, nullable_child_ok && nullable_child.kind == .Pointer &&
+	                  nullable_child.many && nullable_child.has_sentinel)
+}
+
+@(test)
+parser_diagnoses_malformed_sentinel_pointer_types :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `bad :: func(value [*0]u8) void {}
+main :: func() void {}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&module)
+
+	found := false
+	for diagnostic in diagnostics.items {
+		found = found || strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "expected ';' after '*' in sentinel pointer type")
+	}
+	testing.expect(t, found)
+}
+
 @(test)
 parser_accepts_single_statement_one_line_functions :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	text := `give :: func() i8 { return 7 }
@@ -742,7 +794,7 @@ main :: func() void {
 	maybe ?i32 = 5
 	_ = c
 	_ = values[2]
-	_ = values.ptr + 1
+	_ = (&values).ptr + 1
 	_ = values.len
 	_ = values[0..2]
 	_ = "hello".ptr
@@ -784,6 +836,134 @@ main :: func() void {
 	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "orelse_some"))
 }
 
+@(test)
+string_literals_preserve_static_length_and_sentinel_through_pointer_views :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `take_sentinel_pointer :: func(value [*;0]u8) void {}
+take_mut_sentinel_pointer :: func(value [*;0]mut u8) void {}
+take_pointer :: func(value *u8) void {}
+take_sentinel_slice :: func(value [;0]u8) void {}
+take_mut_sentinel_slice :: func(value [;0]mut u8) void {}
+take_slice :: func(value []u8) void {}
+take_c_string :: c_func(value *c_char) c_int
+take_c_sentinel :: c_func(value [*;0]c_char) c_int
+main :: func() void {
+	text :: "hello"
+	values [2;0]mut u8 = [1, 2]
+	pointer :: &values
+	_ = text.len
+	_ = text.ptr
+	_ = text[0]
+	_ = text[1..]
+	_ = pointer.len
+	_ = pointer.ptr
+	_ = pointer[0]
+	_ = pointer[1..]
+	offset [*;0]u8 :: text.ptr + 1
+	suffix [*;0]u8 :: text[1..].ptr
+	middle []u8 :: text[1..3]
+	_ = offset
+	_ = suffix
+	_ = middle
+	take_sentinel_pointer(text)
+	take_pointer(text)
+	take_sentinel_slice(text)
+	take_slice(text)
+	take_mut_sentinel_pointer(pointer)
+	take_mut_sentinel_slice(pointer)
+	take_sentinel_pointer(pointer)
+	take_sentinel_slice(pointer)
+	_ = take_c_string(text)
+	_ = take_c_sentinel(text)
+	_ = take_c_string(text.ptr)
+	_ = take_c_sentinel(text.ptr)
+}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	ast_module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+	ir_module := lower.lower(&hir_module)
+	defer ir.destroy_module(&ir_module)
+	llvm_text := llvm.emit(&ir_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(llvm_text)
+
+	string_type := types.INVALID
+	decays := 0
+	for expr in hir_module.exprs {
+		if expr.kind == .String {
+			string_type = expr.type
+		}
+		if expr.kind == .Decay_Array_Pointer {
+			decays += 1
+		}
+	}
+	pointer, array, string_ok := types.array_pointer(string_type, &hir_module.types)
+	testing.expect_value(t, len(diagnostics.items), 0)
+	testing.expect(t, string_ok && !pointer.mutable && array.child == types.U8 &&
+	                  array.count == 5 && array.has_sentinel && array.sentinel == 0)
+	testing.expect(t, decays >= 6)
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "@bro.str.0 = private unnamed_addr constant [6 x i8] c\"hello\\00\""))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "declare i32 @take_c_string(ptr)"))
+	testing.expect(t, strings.contains(llvm_text, "declare i32 @take_c_sentinel(ptr)"))
+}
+
+@(test)
+array_pointer_and_c_string_coercion_restrictions_are_diagnosed :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	text := `take_c_string :: c_func(value *c_char) c_int
+take_mut_c_string :: c_func(value *mut c_char) c_int
+take_pointer :: func(value *u8) void {}
+take_mut_pointer :: func(value *mut u8) void {}
+take_slice :: func(value []u8) void {}
+bad_sentinel :: func(value [*;256]u8) void {}
+main :: func() void {
+	values [1;0]mut u8 = [1]
+	_ = values.ptr
+	take_pointer(values)
+	take_slice(values)
+	ordinary *u8 :: "hello"
+	nonzero [1;'\n']mut u8 = [1]
+	take_pointer("hello"[1..])
+	_ = take_c_string(ordinary)
+	_ = take_c_string((&nonzero).ptr)
+	_ = take_c_string(1)
+	take_mut_pointer("hello")
+	_ = take_mut_c_string("hello")
+}
+`
+	source_file := source.Source{path="test.bro", text=text}
+	diagnostics := source.init_diagnostics(&source_file)
+	defer source.destroy_diagnostics(&diagnostics)
+	symbols := symbol.init_table()
+	defer symbol.destroy_table(&symbols)
+	stream := lexer.lex(&source_file, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer delete(stream.items)
+	ast_module := parser.parse(&stream, &source_file, &diagnostics)
+	defer ast.destroy_module(&ast_module)
+	hir_module := checker.check(&ast_module, &diagnostics, &symbols)
+	defer hir.destroy_module(&hir_module)
+
+	conversion_errors := 0
+	array_ptr_error := false
+	sentinel_error := false
+	for diagnostic in diagnostics.items {
+		conversion_errors += 1 if strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "cannot implicitly convert") else 0
+		array_ptr_error = array_ptr_error ||
+		                  strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "arrays do not expose '.ptr'")
+		sentinel_error = sentinel_error ||
+		                 strings.contains(diagnostic.message, "sentinel value does not fit array, slice, or pointer")
+	}
+	testing.expect_value(t, conversion_errors, 8)
+	testing.expect(t, array_ptr_error)
+	testing.expect(t, sentinel_error)
+}
+
 @(test)
 c_variadic_calls_promote_extras_and_emit_variadic_llvm :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 text := `variadic :: c_func(tag c_int, ...) c_int
@@ -1471,6 +1651,26 @@ valid_program_compiles_and_runs :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 0)
 }
 
+@(test)
+c_printf_accepts_a_string_literal :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-printf"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/interop/printf", output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 0)
+}
+
+@(test)
+sentinel_pointer_views_compile_and_run :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
+	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-sentinel-pointer"
+	defer _ = os.remove(output)
+	status := compiler_core.compile_package("examples/programs/sentinel_pointer", output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, status, 0)
+	state := run_executable(output)
+	testing.expect_value(t, state.exit_code, 303)
+}
+
 @(test)
 foreign_function_links_from_c_source :: proc(t: ^testing.T) {
 	output := "/tmp/brolang-test-foreign-source"

examples/interop/header/app/main.bro

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ main :: func() void {
 	_ = native.imported_scalar(3, 4)
 	_ = native.child_value(7)
 	_ = native.imported_read(native.imported_handle()?)
+	_ = native.imported_string("hello")
 	_ = native.configured_value(9)
 	signed i8 :: -2
 	unsigned u16 :: 3

examples/interop/header/include/native.h

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ int imported_add(imported_int_alias left, int right);
 unsigned long imported_scalar(unsigned char value, unsigned long extra);
 Imported_Handle *imported_handle(void);
 int imported_read(const Imported_Handle *handle);
+int imported_string(const char *value);
 Imported_Value imported_by_value(Imported_Value value);
 int imported_volatile(volatile int *value);
 _Bool imported_bool(_Bool value);

examples/interop/header/native.c

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "include/native.h"
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 struct Imported_Handle {
 	int value;
@@ -28,6 +29,13 @@ int imported_read(const Imported_Handle *value) {
 	return value->value;
 }
 
+int imported_string(const char *value) {
+	if (strcmp(value, "hello") != 0) {
+		abort();
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 int imported_variadic(int marker, ...) {
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, marker);

examples/interop/printf/main.bro

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+printf :: c_func(format *c_char, ...) c_int
+
+main :: func() void {
+	_ = printf("answer: %d\n", 42)
+}

examples/programs/sentinel_pointer/main.bro

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+main :: func() i32 {
+	values [2;0]i32 :: [101, 101]
+	array_pointer :: &values
+	suffix [;0]i32 :: array_pointer[1..]
+	ordinary []i32 :: suffix
+	pointer [*;0]i32 :: suffix.ptr
+	return array_pointer[0] + pointer[0] + ordinary[0]
+}